Quaternary Geology

  1. Quaternary Stratigraphy and Geochronology
    1. Principles of Quaternary Stratigraphy
      1. Lithostratigraphy
        1. Rock Units and Correlation
          1. Lithofacies Analysis
            1. Unconformities and Hiatuses
            2. Biostratigraphy
              1. Fossil Assemblages
                1. Biostratigraphic Zonation
                  1. First and Last Appearance Datums
                  2. Chronostratigraphy
                    1. Time-Rock Units
                      1. Global Boundary Stratotype Sections and Points
                        1. Correlation Principles
                        2. Magnetostratigraphy
                          1. Magnetic Polarity Reversals
                            1. Geomagnetic Polarity Time Scale
                              1. Applications in Quaternary Sequences
                              2. Chemostratigraphy
                                1. Isotopic Signatures
                                  1. Elemental Compositions
                                    1. Correlation Applications
                                  2. Radiometric Dating Methods
                                    1. Radiocarbon Dating
                                      1. Principles and Decay Constants
                                        1. Sample Materials
                                          1. Calibration Curves
                                            1. Limitations and Contamination
                                              1. AMS vs Conventional Methods
                                              2. Uranium-Series Dating
                                                1. Decay Chains
                                                  1. Materials Dated
                                                    1. Closed System Requirements
                                                      1. Applications and Limitations
                                                      2. Potassium-Argon and Argon-Argon Dating
                                                        1. Principles and Methodology
                                                          1. Volcanic Materials
                                                            1. Age Spectrum Analysis
                                                              1. Inherited Argon Issues
                                                              2. Cosmogenic Nuclide Dating
                                                                1. Production Mechanisms
                                                                  1. Surface Exposure Dating
                                                                    1. Burial Dating
                                                                      1. Common Isotopes
                                                                        1. Scaling Factors
                                                                      2. Luminescence Dating
                                                                        1. Optically Stimulated Luminescence
                                                                          1. Physical Principles
                                                                            1. Quartz and Feldspar
                                                                              1. Single Aliquot Regenerative Dose Protocol
                                                                                1. Applications in Sediment Dating
                                                                                2. Thermoluminescence
                                                                                  1. Heating Mechanisms
                                                                                    1. Pottery and Burnt Flint
                                                                                      1. Geological Applications
                                                                                        1. Anomalous Fading
                                                                                      2. Incremental Dating Methods
                                                                                        1. Dendrochronology
                                                                                          1. Tree Ring Formation
                                                                                            1. Cross-Dating Techniques
                                                                                              1. Master Chronologies
                                                                                                1. Radiocarbon Calibration
                                                                                                2. Varve Chronology
                                                                                                  1. Annual Layer Formation
                                                                                                    1. Counting Methods
                                                                                                      1. Lake Sediment Records
                                                                                                        1. Correlation Techniques
                                                                                                        2. Ice Core Chronology
                                                                                                          1. Annual Layer Identification
                                                                                                            1. Layer Counting Methods
                                                                                                              1. Gas Age vs Ice Age
                                                                                                                1. Synchronization Techniques
                                                                                                                2. Sclerochronology
                                                                                                                  1. Growth Rings in Shells
                                                                                                                    1. Marine Applications
                                                                                                                      1. Freshwater Applications
                                                                                                                        1. Environmental Reconstructions
                                                                                                                      2. Relative Dating and Correlation Methods
                                                                                                                        1. Tephrochronology
                                                                                                                          1. Volcanic Ash Identification
                                                                                                                            1. Geochemical Fingerprinting
                                                                                                                              1. Correlation Techniques
                                                                                                                                1. Cryptotephra Analysis
                                                                                                                                2. Amino Acid Racemization
                                                                                                                                  1. Racemization Processes
                                                                                                                                    1. Temperature Dependence
                                                                                                                                      1. Materials and Applications
                                                                                                                                        1. Calibration Requirements
                                                                                                                                        2. Paleomagnetism
                                                                                                                                          1. Magnetic Polarity Events
                                                                                                                                            1. Secular Variation
                                                                                                                                              1. Correlation with Global Timescales
                                                                                                                                                1. Laboratory Methods

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                                                                                                                                            1. Foundations of Quaternary Science

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                                                                                                                                            3. Glacial Geology