Quaternary Geology

  1. Quaternary Biogeography and Paleoecology
    1. Vegetation History
      1. Palynological Methods
        1. Pollen Extraction
          1. Identification Techniques
            1. Quantitative Analysis
              1. Taphonomic Considerations
              2. Plant Macrofossil Analysis
                1. Preservation Conditions
                  1. Identification Methods
                    1. Ecological Interpretations
                    2. Vegetation Reconstructions
                      1. Biome Mapping
                        1. Species Range Changes
                          1. Community Dynamics
                        2. Faunal Changes
                          1. Mammalian Biogeography
                            1. Range Shifts
                              1. Body Size Changes
                                1. Evolutionary Adaptations
                                2. Avian Responses
                                  1. Migration Pattern Changes
                                    1. Breeding Range Shifts
                                      1. Extinction Events
                                      2. Marine Fauna
                                        1. Planktonic Assemblages
                                          1. Benthic Communities
                                            1. Coral Reef Changes
                                          2. Glacial Refugia
                                            1. Identification Methods
                                              1. Genetic Evidence
                                                1. Fossil Records
                                                  1. Species Endemism
                                                  2. Refugial Locations
                                                    1. European Refugia
                                                      1. North American Refugia
                                                        1. Asian Refugia
                                                        2. Postglacial Recolonization
                                                          1. Migration Routes
                                                            1. Colonization Rates
                                                              1. Genetic Bottlenecks
                                                            2. Quaternary Extinctions
                                                              1. Pleistocene Megafauna
                                                                1. Extinction Timing
                                                                  1. Geographic Patterns
                                                                    1. Body Size Selectivity
                                                                    2. Extinction Mechanisms
                                                                      1. Climate Change Hypothesis
                                                                        1. Human Overkill Hypothesis
                                                                          1. Disease Hypothesis
                                                                            1. Synergistic Effects
                                                                            2. Island Extinctions
                                                                              1. Human Colonization Effects
                                                                                1. Introduced Species
                                                                                  1. Habitat Destruction
                                                                                2. Human Evolution and Dispersal
                                                                                  1. Hominin Evolution
                                                                                    1. Australopithecines
                                                                                      1. Early Homo Species
                                                                                        1. Homo erectus Dispersal
                                                                                          1. Neanderthal Evolution
                                                                                            1. Modern Human Origins
                                                                                            2. Global Human Dispersal
                                                                                              1. Out of Africa Events
                                                                                                1. Asian Colonization
                                                                                                  1. European Settlement
                                                                                                    1. Australian Colonization
                                                                                                      1. American Colonization
                                                                                                      2. Cultural Evolution
                                                                                                        1. Tool Technologies
                                                                                                          1. Symbolic Behavior
                                                                                                            1. Agricultural Origins
                                                                                                              1. Urbanization

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                                                                                                          6. Quaternary Paleoclimatology

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                                                                                                          8. Applied Quaternary Geology