Pulmonary Mechanics and Physiology

4.

Mechanics of Breathing

4.1.

Inspiration Process

4.1.1.

Neural Initiation

4.1.2.

Diaphragmatic Contraction

4.1.3.

Intercostal Muscle Action

4.1.3.1.

Bucket Handle Movement

4.1.3.2.

Pump Handle Movement

4.1.4.

Thoracic Volume Changes

4.1.5.

Pressure Changes

4.1.5.1.

Intrapleural Pressure Decrease

4.1.5.2.

Alveolar Pressure Decrease

4.1.6.

Airflow Generation

4.2.

Expiration Process

4.2.1.

Passive Expiration

4.2.1.1.

Muscle Relaxation

4.2.1.2.

Elastic Recoil Forces

4.2.1.3.

Pressure Reversal

4.2.1.4.

Airflow Direction

4.2.2.

Active Expiration

4.2.2.1.

Abdominal Muscle Contraction

4.2.2.2.

Internal Intercostal Action

4.2.2.3.

Forced Expiratory Maneuvers

4.3.

Breathing Cycle Dynamics

4.3.1.

Timing Relationships

4.3.2.

Pressure-Volume Loops

4.3.3.

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3. Functional Anatomy of the Respiratory System

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5. Respiratory System Pressures