Population Biology

  1. Population Regulation Mechanisms
    1. Density-Independent Regulation
      1. Definition and Characteristics
        1. Abiotic Factors
          1. Climate Variability
            1. Weather Extremes
              1. Natural Disasters
                1. Seasonal Changes
                2. Catastrophic Events
                  1. Human Disturbances
                    1. Effects on Population Fluctuations
                      1. Stochastic Population Models
                      2. Density-Dependent Regulation
                        1. Negative Density Dependence
                          1. Intraspecific Competition
                            1. Competition for Food Resources
                              1. Competition for Water
                                1. Competition for Space
                                  1. Competition for Mates
                                    1. Competition for Nesting Sites
                                    2. Predation Pressure
                                      1. Disease and Parasitism
                                        1. Stress and Physiological Effects
                                          1. Territoriality and Social Stress
                                            1. Waste Accumulation
                                            2. Positive Density Dependence
                                              1. Allee Effects
                                                1. Component Allee Effects
                                                  1. Demographic Allee Effects
                                                    1. Mechanisms of Allee Effects
                                                      1. Critical Population Thresholds
                                                        1. Examples in Nature
                                                    2. Population Cycles and Fluctuations
                                                      1. Regular Population Cycles
                                                        1. Irregular Fluctuations
                                                          1. Multi-Annual Cycles
                                                            1. Causes of Population Cycles
                                                              1. Predator-Prey Cycles
                                                                1. Disease-Driven Cycles

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                                                              4. Population Growth Dynamics

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                                                              6. Life History Evolution and Strategies