Plant Hormones

4.

Hormone Signal Transduction

4.1.

General Principles

4.1.1.

Signal Perception

4.1.1.1.

Receptor Recognition

4.1.1.2.

Binding Specificity

4.1.1.3.

Conformational Changes

4.1.2.

Signal Transduction

4.1.2.1.

Cascade Amplification

4.1.2.2.

Pathway Integration

4.1.2.3.

Response Modulation

4.1.3.

Cellular Responses

4.1.3.1.

Gene Expression Changes

4.1.3.2.

Protein Modifications

4.1.3.3.

Metabolic Adjustments

4.2.

Receptor Types and Locations

4.2.1.

Membrane Receptors

4.2.1.1.

Structure and Function

4.2.1.2.

4.2.1.3.

Signal Initiation

4.2.2.

Intracellular Receptors

4.2.2.1.

Nuclear Receptors

4.2.2.2.

Cytoplasmic Receptors

4.2.2.3.

ER-Localized Receptors

4.2.3.

Receptor Families

4.2.3.1.

Protein Kinases

4.2.3.2.

Transcription Factors

4.2.3.3.

Ubiquitin Ligases

4.3.

Signal Transduction Components

4.3.1.

Protein Kinases

4.3.1.1.

Serine/Threonine Kinases

4.3.1.2.

Tyrosine Kinases

4.3.1.3.

Dual-Specificity Kinases

4.3.2.

Protein Phosphatases

4.3.2.1.

Regulation Mechanisms

4.3.2.2.

Substrate Specificity

4.3.2.3.

Pathway Termination

4.3.3.

Second Messengers

4.3.3.1.

Calcium Signaling

4.3.3.2.

Reactive Oxygen Species

4.3.3.3.

Cyclic Nucleotides

4.3.3.4.

Lipid Messengers

4.3.4.

Ubiquitin-Proteasome System

4.3.4.1.

Protein Degradation

4.3.4.2.

Regulatory Mechanisms

4.3.4.3.

Pathway Control

4.4.

Specific Signaling Pathways

4.4.1.

Auxin Signaling

4.4.1.1.

TIR1/AFB Receptors

4.4.1.2.

AUX/IAA Proteins

4.4.1.3.

ARF Transcription Factors

4.4.1.4.

SCF Complex Function

4.4.2.

Gibberellin Signaling

4.4.2.1.

4.4.2.2.

4.4.2.3.

SCFSLY1 Complex

4.4.2.4.

Transcriptional Regulation

4.4.3.

Cytokinin Signaling

4.4.3.1.

Histidine Kinase Receptors

4.4.3.2.

Phosphorelay System

4.4.3.3.

Response Regulators

4.4.3.4.

Target Gene Activation

4.4.4.

4.4.4.1.

PYR/PYL/RCAR Receptors

4.4.4.2.

PP2C Phosphatases

4.4.4.3.

4.4.4.4.

Transcription Factors

4.4.5.

Ethylene Signaling

4.4.5.1.

4.4.5.2.

4.4.5.3.

4.4.5.4.

EIN3/EIL Transcription Factors

4.4.6.

Brassinosteroid Signaling

4.4.6.1.

4.4.6.2.

BAK1 Co-receptor

4.4.6.3.

BZR1/BES1 Transcription Factors

4.4.6.4.

Phosphorylation Cascades

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5. Hormonal Interactions and Integration