Plant Hormones

  1. Major Plant Hormone Classes
    1. Auxins
      1. Discovery and Historical Context
        1. Role in Tropism Studies
          1. Isolation of Indole-3-Acetic Acid
            1. Early Bioassays
            2. Chemical Structure and Types
              1. Natural Auxins
                1. Indole-3-Acetic Acid
                  1. Indole-3-Butyric Acid
                    1. Phenylacetic Acid
                    2. Synthetic Auxins
                      1. Naphthaleneacetic Acid
                        1. 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid
                          1. Indole-3-Butyric Acid
                        2. Biosynthesis Pathways
                          1. Tryptophan-Dependent Pathways
                            1. Indole-3-Pyruvic Acid Pathway
                              1. Tryptamine Pathway
                                1. Indole-3-Acetaldoxime Pathway
                                2. Tryptophan-Independent Pathways
                                  1. Regulation of Biosynthesis
                                  2. Metabolism and Conjugation
                                    1. Conjugation to Amino Acids
                                      1. Conjugation to Sugars
                                        1. Oxidative Degradation
                                          1. Storage and Release Mechanisms
                                          2. Transport Mechanisms
                                            1. Polar Auxin Transport
                                              1. Chemiosmotic Model
                                                1. Cellular Basis
                                                2. Transport Proteins
                                                  1. PIN Efflux Carriers
                                                    1. AUX/LAX Influx Carriers
                                                      1. ABCB Transporters
                                                      2. Long-Distance Transport
                                                        1. Phloem Transport
                                                          1. Xylem Transport
                                                        2. Physiological Functions
                                                          1. Cell Elongation
                                                            1. Acid Growth Hypothesis
                                                              1. Cell Wall Loosening
                                                                1. Osmotic Adjustment
                                                                2. Apical Dominance
                                                                  1. Mechanism of Action
                                                                    1. Correlative Inhibition
                                                                    2. Root Development
                                                                      1. Primary Root Growth
                                                                        1. Lateral Root Formation
                                                                          1. Adventitious Root Formation
                                                                          2. Tropisms
                                                                            1. Phototropism Mechanisms
                                                                              1. Gravitropism Responses
                                                                                1. Thigmotropism
                                                                                2. Vascular Development
                                                                                  1. Cambial Activity
                                                                                    1. Xylem Differentiation
                                                                                      1. Phloem Differentiation
                                                                                      2. Fruit Development
                                                                                        1. Fruit Set
                                                                                          1. Fruit Growth
                                                                                            1. Prevention of Abscission
                                                                                        2. Gibberellins
                                                                                          1. Discovery and Identification
                                                                                            1. Bakanae Disease Studies
                                                                                              1. Isolation from Gibberella fujikuroi
                                                                                                1. Structural Elucidation
                                                                                                2. Chemical Structure
                                                                                                  1. Diterpenoid Nature
                                                                                                    1. Structural Diversity
                                                                                                      1. Bioactive Forms
                                                                                                        1. GA1
                                                                                                          1. GA3
                                                                                                            1. GA4
                                                                                                              1. GA7
                                                                                                            2. Biosynthesis Pathways
                                                                                                              1. Plastid Phase
                                                                                                                1. Geranylgeranyl Diphosphate Formation
                                                                                                                  1. ent-Kaurene Synthesis
                                                                                                                  2. Endoplasmic Reticulum Phase
                                                                                                                    1. Oxidation Reactions
                                                                                                                    2. Cytosolic Phase
                                                                                                                      1. Final Modifications
                                                                                                                      2. Regulation of Biosynthesis
                                                                                                                      3. Metabolism and Deactivation
                                                                                                                        1. 2β-Hydroxylation
                                                                                                                          1. Conjugation Reactions
                                                                                                                            1. Catabolism Pathways
                                                                                                                            2. Physiological Roles
                                                                                                                              1. Stem Elongation
                                                                                                                                1. Internode Extension
                                                                                                                                  1. Cell Division and Expansion
                                                                                                                                  2. Seed Germination
                                                                                                                                    1. Dormancy Breaking
                                                                                                                                      1. Reserve Mobilization
                                                                                                                                        1. Enzyme Induction
                                                                                                                                        2. Flowering Induction
                                                                                                                                          1. Vernalization Replacement
                                                                                                                                            1. Photoperiod Interactions
                                                                                                                                            2. Fruit Development
                                                                                                                                              1. Fruit Set
                                                                                                                                                1. Parthenocarpy Induction
                                                                                                                                                  1. Fruit Growth
                                                                                                                                                  2. Other Functions
                                                                                                                                                    1. Pollen Development
                                                                                                                                                      1. Bud Dormancy Breaking
                                                                                                                                                        1. Sex Expression
                                                                                                                                                    2. Cytokinins
                                                                                                                                                      1. Discovery and Early Research
                                                                                                                                                        1. Cell Division Studies
                                                                                                                                                          1. Kinetin Identification
                                                                                                                                                            1. Natural Cytokinin Discovery
                                                                                                                                                            2. Chemical Structure
                                                                                                                                                              1. Adenine Derivatives
                                                                                                                                                                1. Natural Cytokinins
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Zeatin
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Isopentenyladenine
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Dihydrozeatin
                                                                                                                                                                      2. Synthetic Cytokinins
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Kinetin
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Benzylaminopurine
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Thidiazuron
                                                                                                                                                                          2. Biosynthesis and Metabolism
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Synthesis Locations
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Root Tips
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Developing Seeds
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Young Leaves
                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Biosynthetic Pathways
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. tRNA Degradation Pathway
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. De Novo Synthesis
                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Conjugation and Degradation
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Cytokinin Oxidase Activity
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Conjugate Formation
                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Transport Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Xylem Transport
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Root-to-Shoot Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Transpiration Stream
                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Phloem Transport
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Local Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Physiological Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Cell Division Promotion
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Cytokinesis Regulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Cell Cycle Control
                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Shoot Development
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Bud Formation
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Shoot Branching
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Auxin-Cytokinin Interactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Senescence Delay
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Leaf Longevity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Chlorophyll Retention
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Protein Synthesis Maintenance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Nutrient Mobilization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Source-Sink Relationships
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Metabolite Transport
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Other Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Chloroplast Development
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Stomatal Opening
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Root Growth Inhibition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Abscisic Acid
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Discovery and Nomenclature
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Abscission Studies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Dormancy Research
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Stress Hormone Identification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Chemical Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Sesquiterpenoid Nature
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Stereoisomers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Active Forms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Biosynthesis Pathways
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Carotenoid Precursor Pathway
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Zeaxanthin Cleavage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Xanthoxin Formation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. ABA Aldehyde Intermediate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Synthesis Locations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Plastids
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Vascular Tissues
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Guard Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Environmental Regulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Water Stress Induction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Temperature Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Light Influences
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Metabolism and Transport
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Catabolic Pathways
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. 8'-Hydroxylation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Conjugation Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Transport Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Xylem and Phloem Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Cell-to-Cell Transport
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Physiological Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Stomatal Regulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Guard Cell Response
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Water Stress Adaptation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Gas Exchange Control
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Dormancy Induction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Seed Dormancy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Bud Dormancy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Maintenance Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Stress Responses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Drought Tolerance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Salt Stress
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Cold Acclimation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Growth Inhibition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Shoot Growth Suppression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Root Growth Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Senescence Promotion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Gene Expression Regulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        3. Ethylene
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Discovery and Recognition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Gaseous Nature
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Ripening Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Growth Responses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Chemical Properties
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Simple Hydrocarbon Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Physical Properties
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Biological Activity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Biosynthesis Pathway
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Methionine Cycle
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. S-Adenosylmethionine Formation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. ACC Synthase Activity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. ACC Oxidase Function
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Regulation Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Autocatalytic Production
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Environmental Triggers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Developmental Control
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Perception and Transport
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Gaseous Diffusion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Cellular Accumulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Receptor Binding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Physiological Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Fruit Ripening
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Climacteric Fruits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Non-Climacteric Fruits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Ripening Coordination
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Senescence Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Leaf Senescence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Flower Senescence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Organ Aging
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Abscission Events
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Leaf Drop
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Fruit Drop
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Flower Drop
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Seedling Responses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Triple Response
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Etiolation Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Emergence Responses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Stress Responses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Wounding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Pathogen Attack
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Flooding Adaptation

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Introduction to Plant Hormones

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    3. Emerging Plant Growth Regulators