Pipeline Engineering

9.

Advanced and Specialized Topics

9.1.

Offshore and Subsea Pipelines

9.1.1.

Design Considerations

9.1.1.1.

External Pressure Effects

9.1.1.1.1.

Hydrostatic Pressure

9.1.1.1.2.

Collapse Analysis

9.1.1.2.

Hydrodynamic Forces

9.1.1.2.1.

9.1.1.2.2.

Current Loading

9.1.1.3.

Corrosion Protection

9.1.1.3.1.

Seawater Corrosion

9.1.1.3.2.

Cathodic Protection Systems

9.1.2.

Installation Methods

9.1.2.1.

9.1.2.1.1.

Vessel Requirements

9.1.2.1.2.

Pipe Laying Process

9.1.2.2.

9.1.2.2.1.

Tower Configuration

9.1.2.2.2.

Welding Procedures

9.1.2.3.

Reel-Lay Method

9.1.2.3.1.

9.1.2.3.2.

Installation Process

9.1.3.

Subsea Tie-ins and Structures

9.1.3.1.

Manifolds and Connection Systems

9.1.3.1.1.

Subsea Manifolds

9.1.3.1.2.

Pipeline End Terminations

9.1.3.2.

9.1.3.2.1.

Steel Catenary Risers

9.1.3.2.2.

Flexible Risers

9.1.3.3.

Subsea Valves and Controls

9.1.3.3.1.

Subsea Isolation Valves

9.1.3.3.2.

Control Systems

9.2.

High-Pressure High-Temperature Pipelines

9.2.1.

Material Selection

9.2.1.1.

High Strength Steels

9.2.1.2.

Corrosion Resistant Alloys

9.2.1.3.

Material Testing Requirements

9.2.2.

Design Challenges

9.2.2.1.

Thermal Stress Management

9.2.2.2.

Pressure Containment

9.2.2.3.

Fatigue Considerations

9.2.3.

Monitoring and Maintenance

9.2.3.1.

Condition Monitoring Systems

9.2.3.2.

Inspection Techniques

9.2.3.3.

9.3.

Hydrogen and CO2 Pipelines

9.3.1.

Hydrogen Pipeline Design

9.3.1.1.

Material Compatibility

9.3.1.1.1.

Hydrogen Embrittlement

9.3.1.1.2.

Steel Selection

9.3.1.2.

Leak Prevention

9.3.1.2.1.

9.3.1.2.2.

Monitoring Systems

9.3.1.3.

Safety Considerations

9.3.1.3.1.

9.3.1.3.2.

Emergency Response

9.3.2.

CO2 Pipeline Design

9.3.2.1.

9.3.2.1.1.

Dense Phase Transport

9.3.2.1.2.

Phase Transitions

9.3.2.2.

Corrosion Control

9.3.2.2.1.

Water Content Effects

9.3.2.2.2.

Inhibitor Systems

9.3.2.3.

Fracture Control

9.3.2.3.1.

Running Ductile Fracture

9.3.2.3.2.

Crack Arrestors

9.4.

Pipeline Decommissioning and Abandonment

9.4.1.

Planning and Procedures

9.4.1.1.

Regulatory Requirements

9.4.1.1.1.

Permit Applications

9.4.1.1.2.

Environmental Assessments

9.4.1.2.

Stakeholder Engagement

9.4.1.2.1.

Public Consultation

9.4.1.2.2.

Landowner Coordination

9.4.2.

Cleaning and Purging

9.4.2.1.

Pigging and Flushing

9.4.2.1.1.

Cleaning Procedures

9.4.2.1.2.

Verification Methods

9.4.2.2.

Waste Management

9.4.2.2.1.

Waste Classification

9.4.2.2.2.

Disposal Methods

9.4.3.

In-place Abandonment vs. Removal

9.4.3.1.

Criteria for Selection

9.4.3.1.1.

Environmental Impact

9.4.3.1.2.

Technical Feasibility

9.4.3.1.3.

Economic Considerations

9.4.3.2.

Environmental Considerations

9.4.3.2.1.

Soil Contamination

9.4.3.2.2.

Groundwater Protection

9.4.3.2.3.

Long-term Monitoring

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8. Safety and Environmental Protection

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1. Introduction to Pipeline Engineering