Pipeline Engineering

  1. Pipeline Design Principles
    1. Hydraulics and Flow Assurance
      1. Fluid Properties
        1. Density and Viscosity
          1. Temperature Effects
            1. Pressure Effects
            2. Compressibility
              1. Gas Compressibility Factor
                1. Liquid Compressibility
                2. Rheological Properties
                  1. Newtonian vs. Non-Newtonian Fluids
                    1. Shear Rate Effects
                  2. Flow Regimes
                    1. Laminar Flow
                      1. Reynolds Number Criteria
                        1. Velocity Profiles
                        2. Turbulent Flow
                          1. Friction Factor Correlations
                            1. Velocity Profiles
                            2. Transitional Flow
                              1. Critical Reynolds Number
                                1. Flow Instability
                              2. Pressure Drop Calculations
                                1. Darcy-Weisbach Equation
                                  1. Friction Factor Determination
                                    1. Pipe Roughness Effects
                                    2. Colebrook-White Equation
                                      1. Implicit Solution Methods
                                        1. Approximation Formulas
                                        2. Hazen-Williams Equation
                                          1. C-Factor Selection
                                            1. Application Limitations
                                            2. Gas Flow Equations
                                              1. Weymouth Equation
                                                1. Panhandle A and B Equations
                                                  1. AGA Method
                                                2. Flow Assurance Challenges
                                                  1. Hydrate Formation
                                                    1. Conditions for Formation
                                                      1. Pressure-Temperature Curves
                                                        1. Gas Composition Effects
                                                        2. Prevention and Mitigation
                                                          1. Inhibitor Injection
                                                            1. Insulation and Heating
                                                          2. Wax Deposition
                                                            1. Causes and Effects
                                                              1. Wax Appearance Temperature
                                                                1. Deposition Mechanisms
                                                                2. Control Methods
                                                                  1. Chemical Inhibitors
                                                                    1. Thermal Management
                                                                  2. Slugging
                                                                    1. Types of Slug Flow
                                                                      1. Terrain Slugging
                                                                        1. Hydrodynamic Slugging
                                                                        2. Management Strategies
                                                                          1. Slug Catchers
                                                                            1. Flow Control
                                                                          2. Corrosion and Erosion
                                                                            1. Mechanisms
                                                                              1. CO2 Corrosion
                                                                                1. H2S Corrosion
                                                                                  1. Erosion-Corrosion
                                                                                  2. Monitoring and Prevention
                                                                                    1. Corrosion Inhibitors
                                                                                      1. Material Selection
                                                                                2. Mechanical Design
                                                                                  1. Pipe Sizing and Wall Thickness Calculation
                                                                                    1. Design Pressure Determination
                                                                                      1. Maximum Operating Pressure
                                                                                        1. Surge Pressure Analysis
                                                                                        2. Barlow's Formula
                                                                                          1. Hoop Stress Calculation
                                                                                            1. Safety Factor Application
                                                                                            2. Allowable Stress and Safety Factors
                                                                                              1. Material Yield Strength
                                                                                                1. Design Factors
                                                                                                2. Minimum Wall Thickness Requirements
                                                                                                  1. Manufacturing Tolerances
                                                                                                    1. Corrosion Allowances
                                                                                                  2. Stress Analysis
                                                                                                    1. Hoop Stress
                                                                                                      1. Internal Pressure Effects
                                                                                                        1. External Pressure Effects
                                                                                                        2. Longitudinal Stress
                                                                                                          1. Pressure-Induced Stress
                                                                                                            1. Temperature-Induced Stress
                                                                                                            2. Combined Stresses
                                                                                                              1. von Mises Stress Criterion
                                                                                                                1. Maximum Shear Stress Theory
                                                                                                                2. Fatigue Analysis
                                                                                                                  1. Cyclic Loading Effects
                                                                                                                    1. S-N Curves
                                                                                                                      1. Fatigue Life Prediction
                                                                                                                    2. Buoyancy Control
                                                                                                                      1. Buoyancy Force Calculation
                                                                                                                        1. Submerged Weight
                                                                                                                          1. Safety Factors
                                                                                                                          2. Concrete Weight Coating
                                                                                                                            1. Coating Thickness Design
                                                                                                                              1. Application Methods
                                                                                                                              2. Screw Anchors
                                                                                                                                1. Anchor Spacing
                                                                                                                                  1. Installation Procedures
                                                                                                                                  2. Ballast Systems
                                                                                                                                    1. Distributed Ballast
                                                                                                                                      1. Point Ballast
                                                                                                                                    2. Pipeline Thermal Expansion and Stress
                                                                                                                                      1. Thermal Expansion Effects
                                                                                                                                        1. Linear Expansion Calculation
                                                                                                                                          1. Thermal Stress Development
                                                                                                                                          2. Expansion Loops and Offsets
                                                                                                                                            1. Loop Design Calculations
                                                                                                                                              1. Space Requirements
                                                                                                                                              2. Stress Relief Methods
                                                                                                                                                1. Expansion Joints
                                                                                                                                                  1. Flexible Connections
                                                                                                                                                2. Geotechnical Considerations
                                                                                                                                                  1. Soil-Pipe Interaction
                                                                                                                                                    1. Soil Types and Properties
                                                                                                                                                      1. Cohesive Soils
                                                                                                                                                        1. Granular Soils
                                                                                                                                                          1. Rock Conditions
                                                                                                                                                          2. Pipe Bedding and Backfill
                                                                                                                                                            1. Bedding Materials
                                                                                                                                                              1. Compaction Requirements
                                                                                                                                                            2. Slope Stability
                                                                                                                                                              1. Landslide Risk Assessment
                                                                                                                                                                1. Slope Angle Analysis
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Soil Strength Parameters
                                                                                                                                                                  2. Slope Protection Measures
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Retaining Structures
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Drainage Systems
                                                                                                                                                                    2. Seismic Design
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Seismic Hazard Assessment
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Ground Motion Parameters
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Fault Proximity
                                                                                                                                                                          2. Seismic Resilience Features
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Flexible Joints
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Automatic Shut-off Valves
                                                                                                                                                                        2. Materials Science and Selection
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Pipeline Materials
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Carbon Steel
                                                                                                                                                                              1. API 5L Grades
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Grade B
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. X42, X52, X60, X65, X70, X80
                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Grade Selection Criteria
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Strength Requirements
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Toughness Requirements
                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Corrosion Protection Needs
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. External Coating
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Cathodic Protection
                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Stainless Steel
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Austenitic Grades
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Duplex Grades
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Corrosion Resistance
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Pitting Resistance
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Stress Corrosion Cracking
                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Application Scenarios
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Sour Service
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. High Temperature
                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Composite Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Fiber Reinforced Plastic
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Glass Fiber Reinforcement
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Carbon Fiber Reinforcement
                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Glass Reinforced Epoxy
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Properties and Advantages
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Corrosion Resistance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Weight Reduction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Limitations and Use Cases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Temperature Limitations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Pressure Limitations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Plastics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. High Density Polyethylene
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. PE80 and PE100 Grades
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Joining Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Polyvinyl Chloride
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Pressure Ratings
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Chemical Compatibility
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Mechanical Properties
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Tensile Strength
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Impact Resistance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Chemical Compatibility
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Permeation Resistance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Chemical Attack
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                3. Material Properties
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Strength and Toughness
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Yield Strength
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Ultimate Tensile Strength
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Charpy Impact Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Weldability
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Carbon Equivalent
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Preheating Requirements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Post-Weld Heat Treatment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Corrosion Resistance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. General Corrosion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Localized Corrosion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Environmental Cracking
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Fracture Toughness
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Critical Crack Size
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Crack Tip Opening Displacement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Material Manufacturing Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Pipe Manufacturing Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Seamless Pipe
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Hot Rolling Process
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Cold Drawing Process
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Welded Pipe
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Electric Resistance Welding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Submerged Arc Welding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. High Frequency Induction Welding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Quality Control and Testing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Dimensional Inspection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Mechanical Testing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Non-Destructive Testing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Chemical Analysis

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    4. Pipeline Components and Facilities