Pipeline Engineering

7.

Pipeline Integrity Management

7.1.

Fundamentals of PIM

7.1.1.

Lifecycle Approach

7.1.1.1.

Design for Integrity

7.1.1.1.1.

Design Standards

7.1.1.1.2.

Material Selection

7.1.1.2.

Maintenance and Monitoring

7.1.1.2.1.

Preventive Maintenance

7.1.1.2.2.

Condition Monitoring

7.1.1.3.

Decommissioning Considerations

7.1.1.3.1.

End-of-Life Planning

7.1.1.3.2.

Abandonment Procedures

7.1.2.

Regulatory Frameworks

7.1.2.1.

7.1.2.1.1.

Gas Pipeline Integrity

7.1.2.1.2.

Risk Assessment Requirements

7.1.2.2.

7.1.2.2.1.

Liquid Pipeline Integrity

7.1.2.2.2.

Management System Elements

7.1.2.3.

Other Relevant Standards

7.1.2.3.1.

7.1.2.3.2.

7.1.3.

Integrity Management Program Elements

7.1.3.1.

Data Integration

7.1.3.2.

Risk Assessment

7.1.3.3.

Integrity Assessment

7.1.3.4.

Remediation and Prevention

7.2.

Threat Identification and Risk Assessment

7.2.1.

Time-Dependent Threats

7.2.1.1.

External Corrosion

7.2.1.1.1.

Causes and Mechanisms

7.2.1.1.1.1.

Soil Corrosivity

7.2.1.1.1.2.

Coating Degradation

7.2.1.1.1.3.

Cathodic Protection Failure

7.2.1.1.2.

Detection Methods

7.2.1.1.2.1.

Direct Assessment

7.2.1.1.2.2.

In-Line Inspection

7.2.1.1.2.3.

Excavation and Inspection

7.2.1.2.

Internal Corrosion

7.2.1.2.1.

Fluid Composition Effects

7.2.1.2.1.1.

7.2.1.2.1.2.

7.2.1.2.1.3.

Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion

7.2.1.2.2.

Monitoring Techniques

7.2.1.2.2.1.

Corrosion Coupons

7.2.1.2.2.2.

Corrosion Probes

7.2.1.2.2.3.

Pigging Programs

7.2.1.3.

Stress Corrosion Cracking

7.2.1.3.1.

Environmental Factors

7.2.1.3.1.1.

7.2.1.3.1.2.

Temperature Effects

7.2.1.3.2.

Susceptible Materials

7.2.1.3.2.1.

High Strength Steels

7.2.1.3.2.2.

7.2.2.

7.2.2.1.

Manufacturing Defects

7.2.2.1.1.

7.2.2.1.1.1.

7.2.2.1.1.2.

7.2.2.1.1.3.

7.2.2.1.2.

Fitting and Component Defects

7.2.2.1.2.1.

7.2.2.1.2.2.

Material Defects

7.2.2.2.

Construction Defects

7.2.2.2.1.

7.2.2.2.1.1.

7.2.2.2.1.2.

Incomplete Penetration

7.2.2.2.1.3.

7.2.2.2.2.

7.2.2.2.2.1.

Holiday Defects

7.2.2.2.2.2.

7.2.3.

Time-Independent Threats

7.2.3.1.

Third-Party Damage

7.2.3.1.1.

Excavation Risks

7.2.3.1.1.1.

One-Call Systems

7.2.3.1.1.2.

Damage Prevention Programs

7.2.3.1.2.

Encroachment Prevention

7.2.3.1.2.1.

Right-of-Way Monitoring

7.2.3.1.2.2.

Public Education

7.2.3.2.

Incorrect Operations

7.2.3.2.1.

7.2.3.2.1.1.

Training Programs

7.2.3.2.1.2.

Procedure Compliance

7.2.3.2.2.

Procedural Failures

7.2.3.2.2.1.

Procedure Development

7.2.3.2.2.2.

Management of Change

7.2.3.3.

Weather and Outside Forces

7.2.3.3.1.

7.2.3.3.1.1.

Scour and Erosion

7.2.3.3.1.2.

Buoyancy Effects

7.2.3.3.2.

7.2.3.3.2.1.

Ground Motion Effects

7.2.3.3.2.2.

Fault Displacement

7.2.3.3.3.

Geotechnical Hazards

7.2.3.3.3.1.

7.2.3.3.3.2.

7.2.4.

Risk Assessment Methodologies

7.2.4.1.

Qualitative Methods

7.2.4.1.1.

Expert Judgment

7.2.4.1.2.

Checklist Methods

7.2.4.2.

Semi-Quantitative Methods

7.2.4.2.1.

7.2.4.2.2.

Scoring Systems

7.2.4.3.

Quantitative Methods

7.2.4.3.1.

Probabilistic Risk Assessment

7.2.4.3.2.

Monte Carlo Simulation

7.2.4.4.

Risk Ranking and Prioritization

7.2.4.4.1.

7.2.4.4.2.

Decision Making

7.3.

Inspection and Monitoring

7.3.1.

In-Line Inspection

7.3.1.1.

Magnetic Flux Leakage Tools

7.3.1.1.1.

Metal Loss Detection

7.3.1.1.2.

Crack Detection

7.3.1.2.

Ultrasonic Testing Tools

7.3.1.2.1.

Wall Thickness Measurement

7.3.1.2.2.

Crack Detection

7.3.1.3.

7.3.1.3.1.

7.3.1.3.2.

Ovality Measurement

7.3.1.4.

Data Analysis and Interpretation

7.3.1.4.1.

Signal Processing

7.3.1.4.2.

Feature Recognition

7.3.1.4.3.

Sizing Algorithms

7.3.2.

Direct Assessment

7.3.2.1.

External Corrosion Direct Assessment

7.3.2.1.1.

7.3.2.1.2.

Indirect Inspection

7.3.2.1.3.

Direct Examination

7.3.2.1.4.

Post-Assessment

7.3.2.2.

Internal Corrosion Direct Assessment

7.3.2.2.1.

7.3.2.2.2.

Indirect Inspection

7.3.2.2.3.

Direct Examination

7.3.2.2.4.

7.3.2.3.

Stress Corrosion Cracking Direct Assessment

7.3.2.3.1.

Data Integration

7.3.2.3.2.

Indirect Inspection

7.3.2.3.3.

Direct Examination

7.3.2.3.4.

Remaining Life Assessment

7.3.3.

Hydrostatic Testing

7.3.3.1.

7.3.3.1.1.

Test Section Selection

7.3.3.1.2.

Test Pressure Determination

7.3.3.2.

7.3.3.2.1.

Filling and Pressurization

7.3.3.2.2.

7.3.3.2.3.

Depressurization

7.3.3.3.

Data Evaluation

7.3.3.3.1.

Pressure Analysis

7.3.3.3.2.

Failure Investigation

7.4.

Corrosion Management

7.4.1.

Protective Coatings

7.4.1.1.

Fusion Bonded Epoxy

7.4.1.1.1.

Application Process

7.4.1.1.2.

Performance Characteristics

7.4.1.2.

Three-Layer Polyethylene

7.4.1.2.1.

Layer Functions

7.4.1.2.2.

Application Methods

7.4.1.3.

Three-Layer Polypropylene

7.4.1.3.1.

Temperature Resistance

7.4.1.3.2.

Mechanical Properties

7.4.1.4.

Application and Inspection

7.4.1.4.1.

Surface Preparation

7.4.1.4.2.

Quality Control

7.4.1.4.3.

Holiday Detection

7.4.2.

Cathodic Protection

7.4.2.1.

Sacrificial Anode Systems

7.4.2.1.1.

Anode Materials

7.4.2.1.2.

7.4.2.1.3.

Installation Methods

7.4.2.2.

Impressed Current Systems

7.4.2.2.1.

Rectifier Systems

7.4.2.2.2.

7.4.2.2.3.

Current Distribution

7.4.2.3.

Monitoring and Maintenance

7.4.2.3.1.

Potential Surveys

7.4.2.3.2.

Current Measurements

7.4.2.3.3.

System Adjustments

7.4.3.

Corrosion Inhibitors

7.4.3.1.

Types and Application Methods

7.4.3.1.1.

Batch Treatment

7.4.3.1.2.

Continuous Injection

7.4.3.2.

Monitoring Effectiveness

7.4.3.2.1.

Corrosion Rate Monitoring

7.4.3.2.2.

Inhibitor Residual Testing

7.5.

Defect Assessment and Repair

7.5.1.

Fitness-for-Service Analysis

7.5.1.1.

API 579 Methodology

7.5.1.1.1.

Assessment Levels

7.5.1.1.2.

7.5.1.2.

Remaining Life Assessment

7.5.1.2.1.

Crack Growth Analysis

7.5.1.2.2.

Corrosion Rate Prediction

7.5.2.

Repair Techniques

7.5.2.1.

7.5.2.1.1.

Full Encirclement Sleeves

7.5.2.1.2.

Partial Encirclement Sleeves

7.5.2.2.

Composite Wraps

7.5.2.2.1.

Carbon Fiber Wraps

7.5.2.2.2.

Glass Fiber Wraps

7.5.2.3.

7.5.2.3.1.

7.5.2.3.2.

Stress Concentration

7.5.2.4.

Cut-out and Replacement

7.5.2.4.1.

Section Replacement

7.5.2.4.2.

Welding Procedures

7.5.2.5.

Hot Tapping and Line Stopping

7.5.2.5.1.

Hot Tap Procedures

7.5.2.5.2.

Plugging Methods

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