Pavement Design and Management

2.

Pavement Loads and Environmental Factors

2.1.

Traffic Loading Analysis

2.1.1.

Types of Vehicles and Loads

2.1.1.1.

Passenger Vehicles

2.1.1.2.

Commercial Trucks

2.1.1.3.

Special Vehicles

2.1.2.

Axle Loads and Configurations

2.1.2.1.

2.1.2.1.1.

2.1.2.1.2.

Tire Configurations

2.1.2.2.

2.1.2.2.1.

Load Distribution

2.1.2.2.2.

Spacing Effects

2.1.2.3.

Tridem and Multi-Axle

2.1.2.3.1.

Complex Configurations

2.1.2.3.2.

2.1.3.

Equivalent Single Axle Load (ESAL)

2.1.3.1.

Calculation Methods

2.1.3.1.1.

Load Equivalency Factors

2.1.3.1.2.

Damage Relationships

2.1.3.2.

Load Equivalency Factors

2.1.3.2.1.

Fourth Power Law

2.1.3.2.2.

Flexible Pavement Factors

2.1.3.2.3.

Rigid Pavement Factors

2.1.4.

Traffic Volume and Composition

2.1.4.1.

Average Daily Traffic (ADT)

2.1.4.1.1.

Counting Methods

2.1.4.1.2.

Seasonal Variations

2.1.4.2.

Truck Traffic Percentage

2.1.4.2.1.

Classification Systems

2.1.4.2.2.

Directional Distribution

2.1.5.

Traffic Forecasting

2.1.5.1.

Growth Rate Estimation

2.1.5.1.1.

Historical Trend Analysis

2.1.5.1.2.

Economic Factors

2.1.5.2.

Projection Methods

2.1.5.2.1.

Linear Growth Models

2.1.5.2.2.

Compound Growth Models

2.1.5.2.3.

2.1.6.

Tire Pressure and Contact Area

2.1.6.1.

Tire-Pavement Interaction

2.1.6.1.1.

Contact Stress Distribution

2.1.6.1.2.

Pressure Variations

2.1.6.2.

Effects on Pavement Response

2.1.6.2.1.

Stress Concentrations

2.1.6.2.2.

Response Modifications

2.2.

Environmental Effects

2.2.1.

Temperature Variations

2.2.1.1.

Seasonal Temperature Changes

2.2.1.1.1.

Annual Temperature Cycles

2.2.1.1.2.

Regional Variations

2.2.1.2.

Thermal Stresses in Rigid Pavements

2.2.1.2.1.

Curling Stresses

2.2.1.2.2.

Warping Stresses

2.2.1.2.3.

2.2.1.3.

Binder Viscosity Changes in Flexible Pavements

2.2.1.3.1.

Temperature Susceptibility

2.2.1.3.2.

Performance Grade Implications

2.2.2.

Moisture and Precipitation

2.2.2.1.

Water Infiltration Mechanisms

2.2.2.1.1.

Surface Infiltration

2.2.2.1.2.

Subsurface Flow

2.2.2.1.3.

2.2.2.2.

Effects on Subgrade Strength

2.2.2.2.1.

Moisture Content Relationships

2.2.2.2.2.

Bearing Capacity Reduction

2.2.2.3.

2.2.2.3.1.

2.2.2.3.1.1.

Ice Lens Formation

2.2.2.3.1.2.

Heave Pressures

2.2.2.3.2.

2.2.2.3.2.1.

Spring Thaw Effects

2.2.2.3.2.2.

Load Restrictions

2.2.3.

Solar Radiation

2.2.3.1.

Surface Temperature Effects

2.2.3.1.1.

Heat Absorption

2.2.3.1.2.

Temperature Gradients

2.2.3.2.

Aging of Bituminous Materials

2.2.3.2.1.

Oxidation Processes

2.2.3.2.2.

Hardening Effects

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1. Introduction to Pavement Engineering

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3. Pavement Materials Characterization