Parasitology

3.

Medical Helminthology

3.1.

General Features of Helminths

3.1.1.

Morphological Characteristics

3.1.2.

Classification Systems

3.1.3.

Life Cycle Patterns

3.1.4.

Modes of Transmission

3.1.5.

Pathogenic Mechanisms

3.1.6.

Host-Parasite Interactions

3.2.

3.2.1.

General Characteristics of Nematodes

3.2.2.

Morphological Features

3.2.3.

Life Cycle Patterns

3.2.4.

Intestinal Nematodes

3.2.4.1.

Ascaris lumbricoides

3.2.4.1.1.

Epidemiology and Geographic Distribution

3.2.4.1.2.

3.2.4.1.3.

Pathogenesis and Clinical Features

3.2.4.1.4.

3.2.4.1.5.

Treatment and Management

3.2.4.1.6.

Prevention and Control

3.2.4.2.

Trichuris trichiura

3.2.4.2.1.

Epidemiology and Geographic Distribution

3.2.4.2.2.

3.2.4.2.3.

Pathogenesis and Clinical Features

3.2.4.2.4.

3.2.4.2.5.

Treatment and Management

3.2.4.2.6.

Prevention and Control

3.2.4.3.

3.2.4.3.1.

Ancylostoma duodenale

3.2.4.3.1.1.

Epidemiology and Geographic Distribution

3.2.4.3.1.2.

3.2.4.3.1.3.

Pathogenesis and Clinical Features

3.2.4.3.1.4.

3.2.4.3.1.5.

Treatment and Management

3.2.4.3.1.6.

Prevention and Control

3.2.4.3.2.

Necator americanus

3.2.4.3.2.1.

Epidemiology and Geographic Distribution

3.2.4.3.2.2.

3.2.4.3.2.3.

Pathogenesis and Clinical Features

3.2.4.3.2.4.

3.2.4.3.2.5.

Treatment and Management

3.2.4.3.2.6.

Prevention and Control

3.2.4.4.

Strongyloides stercoralis

3.2.4.4.1.

Epidemiology and Geographic Distribution

3.2.4.4.2.

3.2.4.4.3.

Autoinfection Cycle

3.2.4.4.4.

Free-living Cycle

3.2.4.4.5.

Pathogenesis and Clinical Features

3.2.4.4.6.

Hyperinfection Syndrome

3.2.4.4.7.

3.2.4.4.8.

Treatment and Management

3.2.4.4.9.

Prevention and Control

3.2.4.5.

Enterobius vermicularis

3.2.4.5.1.

Epidemiology and Geographic Distribution

3.2.4.5.2.

3.2.4.5.3.

Pathogenesis and Clinical Features

3.2.4.5.4.

3.2.4.5.5.

Treatment and Management

3.2.4.5.6.

Prevention and Control

3.2.5.

Tissue and Blood Nematodes

3.2.5.1.

Trichinella spiralis

3.2.5.1.1.

Epidemiology and Geographic Distribution

3.2.5.1.2.

3.2.5.1.3.

Pathogenesis and Clinical Features

3.2.5.1.4.

3.2.5.1.5.

3.2.5.1.6.

Treatment and Management

3.2.5.1.7.

Prevention and Control

3.2.5.2.

3.2.5.2.1.

General Characteristics of Filariae

3.2.5.2.2.

Wuchereria bancrofti

3.2.5.2.2.1.

Epidemiology and Geographic Distribution

3.2.5.2.2.2.

3.2.5.2.2.3.

Pathogenesis and Clinical Features

3.2.5.2.2.4.

Lymphatic Filariasis

3.2.5.2.2.5.

3.2.5.2.2.6.

3.2.5.2.2.7.

Treatment and Management

3.2.5.2.2.8.

Prevention and Control

3.2.5.2.3.

3.2.5.2.3.1.

Epidemiology and Geographic Distribution

3.2.5.2.3.2.

3.2.5.2.3.3.

Pathogenesis and Clinical Features

3.2.5.2.3.4.

3.2.5.2.3.5.

Treatment and Management

3.2.5.2.3.6.

Prevention and Control

3.2.5.2.4.

3.2.5.2.4.1.

Epidemiology and Geographic Distribution

3.2.5.2.4.2.

3.2.5.2.4.3.

Pathogenesis and Clinical Features

3.2.5.2.4.4.

Calabar Swellings

3.2.5.2.4.5.

3.2.5.2.4.6.

Treatment and Management

3.2.5.2.4.7.

Prevention and Control

3.2.5.2.5.

Onchocerca volvulus

3.2.5.2.5.1.

Epidemiology and Geographic Distribution

3.2.5.2.5.2.

3.2.5.2.5.3.

Pathogenesis and Clinical Features

3.2.5.2.5.4.

River Blindness

3.2.5.2.5.5.

3.2.5.2.5.6.

Treatment and Management

3.2.5.2.5.7.

Prevention and Control

3.2.5.3.

Dracunculus medinensis

3.2.5.3.1.

Epidemiology and Geographic Distribution

3.2.5.3.2.

3.2.5.3.3.

Pathogenesis and Clinical Features

3.2.5.3.4.

Guinea Worm Disease

3.2.5.3.5.

3.2.5.3.6.

Treatment and Management

3.2.5.3.7.

Prevention and Control

3.2.5.4.

Toxocara Species

3.2.5.4.1.

3.2.5.4.1.1.

Epidemiology and Geographic Distribution

3.2.5.4.1.2.

3.2.5.4.1.3.

Pathogenesis and Clinical Features

3.2.5.4.1.4.

Visceral Larva Migrans

3.2.5.4.1.5.

Ocular Larva Migrans

3.2.5.4.1.6.

3.2.5.4.1.7.

Treatment and Management

3.2.5.4.1.8.

Prevention and Control

3.2.5.4.2.

3.2.5.4.2.1.

Epidemiology and Geographic Distribution

3.2.5.4.2.2.

3.2.5.4.2.3.

Pathogenesis and Clinical Features

3.2.5.4.2.4.

3.2.5.4.2.5.

Treatment and Management

3.2.5.4.2.6.

Prevention and Control

3.3.

3.3.1.

General Characteristics of Cestodes

3.3.2.

Morphological Features

3.3.3.

Life Cycle Patterns

3.3.4.

Taenia saginata

3.3.4.1.

Epidemiology and Geographic Distribution

3.3.4.2.

3.3.4.3.

Pathogenesis and Clinical Features

3.3.4.4.

3.3.4.5.

Treatment and Management

3.3.4.6.

Prevention and Control

3.3.5.

3.3.5.1.

Epidemiology and Geographic Distribution

3.3.5.2.

3.3.5.3.

Pathogenesis and Clinical Features

3.3.5.4.

3.3.5.5.

3.3.5.6.

Neurocysticercosis

3.3.5.7.

3.3.5.8.

Treatment and Management

3.3.5.9.

Prevention and Control

3.3.6.

Hymenolepis nana

3.3.6.1.

Epidemiology and Geographic Distribution

3.3.6.2.

3.3.6.3.

Pathogenesis and Clinical Features

3.3.6.4.

3.3.6.5.

Treatment and Management

3.3.6.6.

Prevention and Control

3.3.7.

Diphyllobothrium latum

3.3.7.1.

Epidemiology and Geographic Distribution

3.3.7.2.

3.3.7.3.

Pathogenesis and Clinical Features

3.3.7.4.

Vitamin B12 Deficiency

3.3.7.5.

3.3.7.6.

Treatment and Management

3.3.7.7.

Prevention and Control

3.3.8.

Echinococcus granulosus

3.3.8.1.

Epidemiology and Geographic Distribution

3.3.8.2.

3.3.8.3.

Pathogenesis and Clinical Features

3.3.8.4.

Hydatid Disease

3.3.8.5.

Cystic Echinococcosis

3.3.8.6.

3.3.8.7.

Treatment and Management

3.3.8.8.

Prevention and Control

3.4.

3.4.1.

General Characteristics of Trematodes

3.4.2.

Morphological Features

3.4.3.

Life Cycle Patterns

3.4.4.

3.4.4.1.

General Characteristics of Schistosomes

3.4.4.2.

Schistosoma mansoni

3.4.4.2.1.

Epidemiology and Geographic Distribution

3.4.4.2.2.

3.4.4.2.3.

Pathogenesis and Clinical Features

3.4.4.2.4.

Intestinal Schistosomiasis

3.4.4.2.5.

3.4.4.2.6.

Treatment and Management

3.4.4.2.7.

Prevention and Control

3.4.4.3.

Schistosoma haematobium

3.4.4.3.1.

Epidemiology and Geographic Distribution

3.4.4.3.2.

3.4.4.3.3.

Pathogenesis and Clinical Features

3.4.4.3.4.

Urogenital Schistosomiasis

3.4.4.3.5.

3.4.4.3.6.

Treatment and Management

3.4.4.3.7.

Prevention and Control

3.4.4.4.

Schistosoma japonicum

3.4.4.4.1.

Epidemiology and Geographic Distribution

3.4.4.4.2.

3.4.4.4.3.

Pathogenesis and Clinical Features

3.4.4.4.4.

Asian Schistosomiasis

3.4.4.4.5.

3.4.4.4.6.

Treatment and Management

3.4.4.4.7.

Prevention and Control

3.4.5.

3.4.5.1.

Clonorchis sinensis

3.4.5.1.1.

Epidemiology and Geographic Distribution

3.4.5.1.2.

3.4.5.1.3.

Pathogenesis and Clinical Features

3.4.5.1.4.

3.4.5.1.5.

3.4.5.1.6.

Treatment and Management

3.4.5.1.7.

Prevention and Control

3.4.5.2.

Opisthorchis Species

3.4.5.2.1.

Epidemiology and Geographic Distribution

3.4.5.2.2.

3.4.5.2.3.

Pathogenesis and Clinical Features

3.4.5.2.4.

Opisthorchiasis

3.4.5.2.5.

3.4.5.2.6.

Treatment and Management

3.4.5.2.7.

Prevention and Control

3.4.5.3.

Fasciola hepatica

3.4.5.3.1.

Epidemiology and Geographic Distribution

3.4.5.3.2.

3.4.5.3.3.

Pathogenesis and Clinical Features

3.4.5.3.4.

3.4.5.3.5.

3.4.5.3.6.

Treatment and Management

3.4.5.3.7.

Prevention and Control

3.4.6.

3.4.6.1.

Paragonimus westermani

3.4.6.1.1.

Epidemiology and Geographic Distribution

3.4.6.1.2.

3.4.6.1.3.

Pathogenesis and Clinical Features

3.4.6.1.4.

3.4.6.1.5.

3.4.6.1.6.

Treatment and Management

3.4.6.1.7.

Prevention and Control

3.4.7.

Intestinal Flukes

3.4.7.1.

Fasciolopsis buski

3.4.7.1.1.

Epidemiology and Geographic Distribution

3.4.7.1.2.

3.4.7.1.3.

Pathogenesis and Clinical Features

3.4.7.1.4.

Fasciolopsiasis

3.4.7.1.5.

3.4.7.1.6.

Treatment and Management

3.4.7.1.7.

Prevention and Control

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4. Medical Arthropodology