Parasitology

2.

Medical Protozoology

2.1.

General Features of Protozoa

2.1.1.

Cellular Structure and Organization

2.1.2.

Morphological Stages

2.1.2.1.

2.1.2.2.

2.1.2.3.

2.1.2.4.

2.1.3.

Modes of Locomotion

2.1.3.1.

2.1.3.2.

2.1.3.3.

2.1.4.

Reproduction Methods

2.1.4.1.

Asexual Reproduction

2.1.4.2.

Sexual Reproduction

2.1.4.3.

2.1.5.

Nutrition and Metabolism

2.1.6.

Environmental Adaptations

2.2.

2.2.1.

General Characteristics of Amoebae

2.2.2.

Morphology and Life Cycle Patterns

2.2.3.

Pathogenic Mechanisms

2.2.4.

Entamoeba histolytica

2.2.4.1.

Epidemiology and Geographic Distribution

2.2.4.2.

2.2.4.3.

Pathogenesis and Clinical Features

2.2.4.4.

Amebic Dysentery

2.2.4.5.

Amebic Liver Abscess

2.2.4.6.

2.2.4.7.

Treatment and Management

2.2.4.8.

Prevention and Control

2.2.5.

Naegleria fowleri

2.2.5.1.

Epidemiology and Geographic Distribution

2.2.5.2.

2.2.5.3.

Pathogenesis and Clinical Features

2.2.5.4.

Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis

2.2.5.5.

2.2.5.6.

Treatment and Management

2.2.5.7.

Prevention and Control

2.2.6.

Acanthamoeba Species

2.2.6.1.

Epidemiology and Geographic Distribution

2.2.6.2.

2.2.6.3.

Pathogenesis and Clinical Features

2.2.6.4.

Granulomatous Amebic Encephalitis

2.2.6.5.

Amebic Keratitis

2.2.6.6.

2.2.6.7.

Treatment and Management

2.2.6.8.

Prevention and Control

2.2.7.

Non-pathogenic Intestinal Amoebae

2.2.7.1.

Entamoeba dispar

2.2.7.2.

2.2.7.3.

2.2.7.4.

Iodamoeba butschlii

2.2.7.5.

Identification Features

2.2.7.6.

Clinical Significance

2.3.

2.3.1.

General Characteristics of Flagellates

2.3.2.

Morphology and Life Cycle Patterns

2.3.3.

Intestinal and Urogenital Flagellates

2.3.3.1.

Giardia lamblia

2.3.3.1.1.

Epidemiology and Geographic Distribution

2.3.3.1.2.

2.3.3.1.3.

Pathogenesis and Clinical Features

2.3.3.1.4.

2.3.3.1.5.

Treatment and Management

2.3.3.1.6.

Prevention and Control

2.3.3.2.

Trichomonas vaginalis

2.3.3.2.1.

Epidemiology and Geographic Distribution

2.3.3.2.2.

2.3.3.2.3.

Pathogenesis and Clinical Features

2.3.3.2.4.

2.3.3.2.5.

Treatment and Management

2.3.3.2.6.

Prevention and Control

2.3.3.3.

Dientamoeba fragilis

2.3.3.3.1.

Epidemiology and Geographic Distribution

2.3.3.3.2.

2.3.3.3.3.

Pathogenesis and Clinical Features

2.3.3.3.4.

2.3.3.3.5.

Treatment and Management

2.3.3.3.6.

Prevention and Control

2.3.4.

Hemoflagellates

2.3.4.1.

General Characteristics of Kinetoplastids

2.3.4.2.

Trypanosoma Species

2.3.4.2.1.

Trypanosoma brucei Complex

2.3.4.2.1.1.

Trypanosoma brucei gambiense

2.3.4.2.1.2.

Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense

2.3.4.2.1.3.

Epidemiology and Geographic Distribution

2.3.4.2.1.4.

2.3.4.2.1.5.

Pathogenesis and Clinical Features

2.3.4.2.1.6.

African Sleeping Sickness

2.3.4.2.1.7.

2.3.4.2.1.8.

Treatment and Management

2.3.4.2.1.9.

Prevention and Control

2.3.4.2.2.

Trypanosoma cruzi

2.3.4.2.2.1.

Epidemiology and Geographic Distribution

2.3.4.2.2.2.

2.3.4.2.2.3.

Pathogenesis and Clinical Features

2.3.4.2.2.4.

2.3.4.2.2.5.

2.3.4.2.2.6.

2.3.4.2.2.7.

2.3.4.2.2.8.

Treatment and Management

2.3.4.2.2.9.

Prevention and Control

2.3.4.3.

Leishmania Species

2.3.4.3.1.

General Characteristics

2.3.4.3.2.

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis

2.3.4.3.2.1.

Causative Species

2.3.4.3.2.2.

Epidemiology and Geographic Distribution

2.3.4.3.2.3.

2.3.4.3.2.4.

Pathogenesis and Clinical Features

2.3.4.3.2.5.

2.3.4.3.2.6.

Treatment and Management

2.3.4.3.2.7.

Prevention and Control

2.3.4.3.3.

Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis

2.3.4.3.3.1.

Causative Species

2.3.4.3.3.2.

Epidemiology and Geographic Distribution

2.3.4.3.3.3.

2.3.4.3.3.4.

Pathogenesis and Clinical Features

2.3.4.3.3.5.

2.3.4.3.3.6.

Treatment and Management

2.3.4.3.3.7.

Prevention and Control

2.3.4.3.4.

Visceral Leishmaniasis

2.3.4.3.4.1.

Causative Species

2.3.4.3.4.2.

Epidemiology and Geographic Distribution

2.3.4.3.4.3.

2.3.4.3.4.4.

Pathogenesis and Clinical Features

2.3.4.3.4.5.

2.3.4.3.4.6.

Treatment and Management

2.3.4.3.4.7.

Prevention and Control

2.4.

2.4.1.

General Characteristics of Ciliates

2.4.2.

Morphology and Life Cycle Patterns

2.4.3.

Balantidium coli

2.4.3.1.

Epidemiology and Geographic Distribution

2.4.3.2.

2.4.3.3.

Pathogenesis and Clinical Features

2.4.3.4.

2.4.3.5.

Treatment and Management

2.4.3.6.

Prevention and Control

2.5.

2.5.1.

General Characteristics of Apicomplexa

2.5.2.

Apical Complex Structure

2.5.3.

Life Cycle Patterns

2.5.4.

Plasmodium Species

2.5.4.1.

Species Identification

2.5.4.1.1.

Plasmodium falciparum

2.5.4.1.2.

Plasmodium vivax

2.5.4.1.3.

Plasmodium ovale

2.5.4.1.4.

Plasmodium malariae

2.5.4.1.5.

Plasmodium knowlesi

2.5.4.2.

Epidemiology and Geographic Distribution

2.5.4.3.

2.5.4.3.1.

2.5.4.3.2.

Mosquito Stages

2.5.4.4.

Pathogenesis and Clinical Features

2.5.4.5.

Malaria Symptoms and Complications

2.5.4.6.

2.5.4.7.

Treatment and Management

2.5.4.8.

Prevention and Control

2.5.5.

2.5.5.1.

General Characteristics

2.5.5.2.

Cryptosporidium parvum

2.5.5.2.1.

Epidemiology and Geographic Distribution

2.5.5.2.2.

2.5.5.2.3.

Pathogenesis and Clinical Features

2.5.5.2.4.

2.5.5.2.5.

Treatment and Management

2.5.5.2.6.

Prevention and Control

2.5.5.3.

Cyclospora cayetanensis

2.5.5.3.1.

Epidemiology and Geographic Distribution

2.5.5.3.2.

2.5.5.3.3.

Pathogenesis and Clinical Features

2.5.5.3.4.

2.5.5.3.5.

Treatment and Management

2.5.5.3.6.

Prevention and Control

2.5.5.4.

Cystoisospora belli

2.5.5.4.1.

Epidemiology and Geographic Distribution

2.5.5.4.2.

2.5.5.4.3.

Pathogenesis and Clinical Features

2.5.5.4.4.

2.5.5.4.5.

Treatment and Management

2.5.5.4.6.

Prevention and Control

2.5.5.5.

Toxoplasma gondii

2.5.5.5.1.

Epidemiology and Geographic Distribution

2.5.5.5.2.

2.5.5.5.3.

Pathogenesis and Clinical Features

2.5.5.5.4.

Congenital Toxoplasmosis

2.5.5.5.5.

Ocular Toxoplasmosis

2.5.5.5.6.

2.5.5.5.7.

Treatment and Management

2.5.5.5.8.

Prevention and Control

2.5.6.

Babesia Species

2.5.6.1.

Epidemiology and Geographic Distribution

2.5.6.2.

2.5.6.3.

Pathogenesis and Clinical Features

2.5.6.4.

2.5.6.5.

Treatment and Management

2.5.6.6.

Prevention and Control

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1. Introduction to Parasitology

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3. Medical Helminthology