Optics and Waves

  1. Modern Optics and Advanced Topics
    1. Laser Physics
      1. Fundamental Principles
        1. Spontaneous Emission
          1. Stimulated Emission
            1. Einstein Coefficients
              1. Population Inversion
              2. Laser Requirements
                1. Gain Medium
                  1. Optical Pumping
                    1. Optical Cavity
                      1. Threshold Condition
                      2. Laser Characteristics
                        1. Monochromaticity
                          1. Coherence
                            1. Temporal Coherence
                              1. Spatial Coherence
                              2. Directionality
                                1. High Intensity
                                2. Laser Types
                                  1. Solid-State Lasers
                                    1. Ruby Laser
                                      1. Nd:YAG Laser
                                        1. Titanium-Sapphire Laser
                                        2. Gas Lasers
                                          1. Helium-Neon Laser
                                            1. Carbon Dioxide Laser
                                              1. Argon Ion Laser
                                              2. Semiconductor Lasers
                                                1. Diode Lasers
                                                  1. Quantum Well Lasers
                                                  2. Dye Lasers
                                                    1. Tunable Lasers
                                                      1. Pulsed Operation
                                                    2. Laser Applications
                                                      1. Communications
                                                        1. Fiber Optic Systems
                                                          1. Free-Space Communication
                                                          2. Medicine
                                                            1. Surgery
                                                              1. Therapy
                                                                1. Diagnostics
                                                                2. Industry
                                                                  1. Cutting and Welding
                                                                    1. Material Processing
                                                                      1. Measurement
                                                                      2. Research
                                                                        1. Spectroscopy
                                                                          1. Interferometry
                                                                            1. Nonlinear Optics
                                                                        2. Holography
                                                                          1. Holographic Principles
                                                                            1. Interference Recording
                                                                              1. Wavefront Reconstruction
                                                                                1. Phase Information Storage
                                                                                2. Hologram Types
                                                                                  1. Transmission Holograms
                                                                                    1. Reflection Holograms
                                                                                      1. Volume Holograms
                                                                                        1. Surface Holograms
                                                                                        2. Hologram Recording
                                                                                          1. Reference Beam
                                                                                            1. Object Beam
                                                                                              1. Recording Medium
                                                                                                1. Coherence Requirements
                                                                                                2. Hologram Reconstruction
                                                                                                  1. Illumination Requirements
                                                                                                    1. Real and Virtual Images
                                                                                                      1. Viewing Angles
                                                                                                      2. Applications
                                                                                                        1. Art and Display
                                                                                                          1. Security Features
                                                                                                            1. Data Storage
                                                                                                              1. Interferometry
                                                                                                            2. Fiber Optics
                                                                                                              1. Total Internal Reflection Principle
                                                                                                                1. Optical Fiber Structure
                                                                                                                  1. Core
                                                                                                                    1. Cladding
                                                                                                                      1. Protective Coating
                                                                                                                      2. Fiber Types
                                                                                                                        1. Step-Index Fibers
                                                                                                                          1. Graded-Index Fibers
                                                                                                                            1. Single-Mode Fibers
                                                                                                                              1. Multi-Mode Fibers
                                                                                                                              2. Fiber Parameters
                                                                                                                                1. Numerical Aperture
                                                                                                                                  1. Acceptance Angle
                                                                                                                                    1. Core Diameter
                                                                                                                                      1. Cutoff Wavelength
                                                                                                                                      2. Signal Transmission
                                                                                                                                        1. Attenuation
                                                                                                                                          1. Absorption Losses
                                                                                                                                            1. Scattering Losses
                                                                                                                                              1. Bending Losses
                                                                                                                                              2. Dispersion
                                                                                                                                                1. Chromatic Dispersion
                                                                                                                                                  1. Polarization Mode Dispersion
                                                                                                                                                2. Fiber Components
                                                                                                                                                  1. Connectors
                                                                                                                                                    1. Splices
                                                                                                                                                      1. Couplers
                                                                                                                                                        1. Amplifiers
                                                                                                                                                        2. Applications
                                                                                                                                                          1. Telecommunications
                                                                                                                                                            1. Internet Infrastructure
                                                                                                                                                              1. Medical Endoscopy
                                                                                                                                                                1. Industrial Sensing
                                                                                                                                                              2. Nonlinear Optics
                                                                                                                                                                1. Nonlinear Optical Effects
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Second Harmonic Generation
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Third Harmonic Generation
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Four-Wave Mixing
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Optical Parametric Amplification
                                                                                                                                                                        2. Nonlinear Materials
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Crystals
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Glasses
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Semiconductors
                                                                                                                                                                              2. Phase Matching
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Birefringent Phase Matching
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Quasi-Phase Matching
                                                                                                                                                                                2. Quantum Optics
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Photon Concept
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Wave-Particle Duality
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Photon Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Photon Momentum
                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Photoelectric Effect
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Experimental Observations
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Einstein's Explanation
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Work Function
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Stopping Potential
                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Compton Scattering
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Photon-Electron Collisions
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Energy and Momentum Conservation
                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Quantum States of Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Coherent States
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Squeezed States
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Entangled States
                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Quantum Cryptography
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Quantum Computing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Quantum Sensing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Single-Photon Sources

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                                                                                                                                                                                                              7. Physical Optics

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                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Fundamentals of Oscillations