Optics and Waves

  1. Geometrical Optics
    1. Ray Model of Light
      1. Ray Approximation
        1. Conditions for Validity
          1. Limitations
            1. Wavefront and Ray Relationship
            2. Reflection of Light
              1. Law of Reflection
                1. Specular Reflection
                  1. Diffuse Reflection
                    1. Plane Mirrors
                      1. Image Formation
                        1. Image Characteristics
                          1. Virtual Images
                            1. Lateral Inversion
                              1. Multiple Mirror Systems
                            2. Spherical Mirrors
                              1. Mirror Geometry
                                1. Center of Curvature
                                  1. Principal Axis
                                    1. Focal Point
                                      1. Focal Length
                                      2. Concave Mirrors
                                        1. Converging Properties
                                          1. Ray Tracing Rules
                                            1. Image Formation
                                              1. Object Beyond Center
                                                1. Object at Center
                                                  1. Object Between Center and Focus
                                                    1. Object at Focus
                                                      1. Object Inside Focus
                                                      2. Mirror Equation
                                                        1. Magnification Formula
                                                        2. Convex Mirrors
                                                          1. Diverging Properties
                                                            1. Ray Tracing Rules
                                                              1. Image Formation
                                                                1. Mirror Equation
                                                                  1. Magnification Formula
                                                                  2. Sign Conventions
                                                                    1. Distance Signs
                                                                      1. Height Signs
                                                                        1. Focal Length Signs
                                                                        2. Spherical Aberration
                                                                          1. Paraxial Approximation
                                                                            1. Aberration Effects
                                                                              1. Correction Methods
                                                                            2. Refraction of Light
                                                                              1. Refraction Phenomenon
                                                                                1. Index of Refraction
                                                                                  1. Measurement Methods
                                                                                    1. Wavelength Dependence
                                                                                    2. Snell's Law
                                                                                      1. Mathematical Form
                                                                                        1. Derivation from Wave Theory
                                                                                        2. Total Internal Reflection
                                                                                          1. Critical Angle
                                                                                            1. Conditions for Occurrence
                                                                                              1. Applications
                                                                                                1. Optical Fibers
                                                                                                  1. Prisms
                                                                                                    1. Diamonds
                                                                                                  2. Dispersion
                                                                                                    1. Wavelength-Dependent Refraction
                                                                                                      1. Prism Dispersion
                                                                                                        1. Rainbow Formation
                                                                                                          1. Chromatic Effects
                                                                                                        2. Lenses
                                                                                                          1. Lens Types
                                                                                                            1. Converging Lenses
                                                                                                              1. Convex Shapes
                                                                                                                1. Focal Properties
                                                                                                                2. Diverging Lenses
                                                                                                                  1. Concave Shapes
                                                                                                                    1. Focal Properties
                                                                                                                  2. Lens Geometry
                                                                                                                    1. Principal Axis
                                                                                                                      1. Optical Center
                                                                                                                        1. Focal Points
                                                                                                                          1. Focal Length
                                                                                                                          2. Ray Tracing for Lenses
                                                                                                                            1. Principal Rays
                                                                                                                              1. Parallel Ray
                                                                                                                                1. Central Ray
                                                                                                                                  1. Focal Ray
                                                                                                                                  2. Image Construction
                                                                                                                                  3. Thin Lens Equation
                                                                                                                                    1. Mathematical Form
                                                                                                                                      1. Sign Conventions
                                                                                                                                      2. Lensmaker's Equation
                                                                                                                                        1. Derivation
                                                                                                                                          1. Radius of Curvature Effects
                                                                                                                                            1. Material Properties
                                                                                                                                            2. Magnification
                                                                                                                                              1. Linear Magnification
                                                                                                                                                1. Angular Magnification
                                                                                                                                                  1. Sign Interpretation
                                                                                                                                                  2. Lens Combinations
                                                                                                                                                    1. Two-Lens Systems
                                                                                                                                                      1. Effective Focal Length
                                                                                                                                                        1. Compound Systems
                                                                                                                                                      2. Lens Aberrations
                                                                                                                                                        1. Chromatic Aberration
                                                                                                                                                          1. Longitudinal Chromatic Aberration
                                                                                                                                                            1. Lateral Chromatic Aberration
                                                                                                                                                              1. Correction with Achromatic Doublets
                                                                                                                                                              2. Monochromatic Aberrations
                                                                                                                                                                1. Spherical Aberration
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Coma
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Astigmatism
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Field Curvature
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Distortion
                                                                                                                                                                        2. Aberration Correction
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Aspherical Surfaces
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Multiple Element Design
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Coating Technologies
                                                                                                                                                                            2. Optical Instruments
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Human Eye
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Eye Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Cornea
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Lens
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Retina
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Pupil and Iris
                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Vision Process
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Accommodation
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Near and Far Points
                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Vision Defects
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Myopia
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Hyperopia
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Astigmatism
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Presbyopia
                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Vision Correction
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Eyeglasses
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Contact Lenses
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Surgical Correction
                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Simple Magnifier
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Magnification Principle
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Angular Magnification
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Optimal Viewing
                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Compound Microscope
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Two-Lens System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Objective Lens
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Eyepiece
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Total Magnification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Resolution Limits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Numerical Aperture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Telescopes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Refracting Telescopes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Keplerian Design
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Galilean Design
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Magnification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Light-Gathering Power
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Reflecting Telescopes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Newtonian Design
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Cassegrain Design
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Schmidt-Cassegrain
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Advantages over Refractors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Camera
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Basic Principles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Focal Length and Field of View
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Aperture and Depth of Field
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Exposure Control

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              7. Physical Optics