Object-Oriented Programming and Design

Object-Oriented Programming and Design (OOP/OOD) is a programming paradigm that structures software around the concept of "objects" rather than functions and logic. An object is a self-contained entity that bundles together data (attributes) and the behaviors (methods) that operate on that data. Through its core principles—encapsulation, which protects and contains an object's data; inheritance, which allows for code reuse by creating class hierarchies; and polymorphism, which enables objects to be treated in a uniform way despite their different underlying types—OOP facilitates the design of complex systems by modeling real-world entities. This approach promotes the creation of modular, flexible, and easily maintainable code, making it a cornerstone of modern software development.

1. Introduction to Programming Paradigms
   1. Overview of Programming Paradigms
      1. Definition of Programming Paradigm
      2. Historical Evolution of Programming Paradigms
      3. Criteria for Paradigm Selection
   2. Procedural Programming
      1. Core Concepts of Procedures and Routines
      2. Control Structures
         1. Sequence
         2. Selection
         3. Iteration
      3. Variable Scope and Lifetime
      4. Modularization and Code Organization
      5. Limitations of Procedural Approach
   3. Functional Programming
      1. First-Class Functions
      2. Higher-Order Functions
      3. Immutability and Pure Functions
      4. Recursion and Loop Elimination
      5. Function Composition
      6. Side Effects and Referential Transparency
      7. Comparison with Procedural Programming
   4. Object-Oriented Programming Overview
      1. Core Idea of Modeling Real World
         1. Objects as Real-World Entities
         2. Mapping Real-World Concepts to Code
      2. Comparison with Other Paradigms
         1. OOP vs Procedural Programming
         2. OOP vs Functional Programming
         3. Strengths and Weaknesses of OOP