Neuroanatomy

4.

The Peripheral Nervous System

4.1.

Structural Organization

4.1.1.

4.1.1.1.

Structure of a Peripheral Nerve

4.1.1.1.1.

Nerve Fascicles

4.1.1.1.2.

4.1.1.2.

Connective Tissue Layers

4.1.1.2.1.

4.1.1.2.2.

4.1.1.2.3.

4.1.2.

4.1.2.1.

Sensory Ganglia

4.1.2.1.1.

Dorsal Root Ganglia

4.1.2.1.2.

Cranial Nerve Ganglia

4.1.2.2.

Autonomic Ganglia

4.1.2.2.1.

Sympathetic Ganglia

4.1.2.2.2.

Parasympathetic Ganglia

4.1.3.

4.1.3.1.

Definition and Function

4.1.3.2.

Nerve Fiber Reorganization

4.1.4.

4.1.4.1.

Afferent Fibers

4.1.4.1.1.

Sensory Modalities

4.1.4.1.2.

Fiber Classification

4.1.4.2.

Efferent Fibers

4.1.4.2.1.

4.1.4.2.2.

Autonomic Fibers

4.2.

4.2.1.

Overview and Classification

4.2.1.1.

4.2.1.2.

4.2.1.3.

4.2.2.

Olfactory Nerve

4.2.2.1.

Olfactory Epithelium

4.2.2.2.

Olfactory Bulb Pathway

4.2.2.3.

Central Connections

4.2.3.

4.2.3.1.

Retinal Organization

4.2.3.2.

4.2.3.3.

Visual Field Defects

4.2.4.

Oculomotor Nerve

4.2.4.1.

Extraocular Muscle Innervation

4.2.4.2.

Parasympathetic Component

4.2.4.2.1.

Pupillary Light Reflex

4.2.4.2.2.

Accommodation Reflex

4.2.5.

Trochlear Nerve

4.2.5.1.

Superior Oblique Muscle

4.2.5.2.

4.2.6.

Trigeminal Nerve

4.2.6.1.

Sensory Functions

4.2.6.1.1.

Facial Sensation

4.2.6.1.2.

4.2.6.2.

Motor Functions

4.2.6.2.1.

Muscles of Mastication

4.2.6.3.

4.2.6.3.1.

Ophthalmic Division

4.2.6.3.2.

Maxillary Division

4.2.6.3.3.

Mandibular Division

4.2.7.

4.2.7.1.

Lateral Rectus Muscle

4.2.7.2.

Horizontal Gaze

4.2.8.

4.2.8.1.

Motor Functions

4.2.8.1.1.

Facial Expression Muscles

4.2.8.2.

Sensory Functions

4.2.8.2.1.

Taste from Anterior Tongue

4.2.8.3.

Parasympathetic Functions

4.2.8.3.1.

Salivary Glands

4.2.8.3.2.

4.2.9.

Vestibulocochlear Nerve

4.2.9.1.

Vestibular Component

4.2.9.1.1.

Balance and Equilibrium

4.2.9.1.2.

Vestibular Reflexes

4.2.9.2.

Auditory Component

4.2.9.2.1.

Hearing Pathway

4.2.9.2.2.

Tonotopic Organization

4.2.10.

Glossopharyngeal Nerve

4.2.10.1.

Sensory Functions

4.2.10.1.1.

Posterior Tongue Sensation

4.2.10.1.2.

Carotid Body Chemoreception

4.2.10.2.

Motor Functions

4.2.10.2.1.

Stylopharyngeus Muscle

4.2.10.3.

Parasympathetic Functions

4.2.10.3.1.

4.2.11.

4.2.11.1.

Sensory Functions

4.2.11.1.1.

Visceral Sensation

4.2.11.1.2.

External Ear Sensation

4.2.11.2.

Motor Functions

4.2.11.2.1.

Laryngeal Muscles

4.2.11.2.2.

Pharyngeal Muscles

4.2.11.3.

Parasympathetic Functions

4.2.11.3.1.

Thoracic and Abdominal Viscera

4.2.12.

Accessory Nerve

4.2.12.1.

Cranial Component

4.2.12.2.

Spinal Component

4.2.12.2.1.

Sternocleidomastoid Muscle

4.2.12.2.2.

Trapezius Muscle

4.2.13.

Hypoglossal Nerve

4.2.13.1.

Tongue Muscle Innervation

4.2.13.2.

Speech and Swallowing

4.3.

4.3.1.

Structure of a Spinal Nerve

4.3.1.1.

4.3.1.1.1.

4.3.1.1.2.

Dorsal Root Ganglion

4.3.1.2.

4.3.1.2.1.

4.3.1.2.2.

Autonomic Fibers

4.3.1.3.

Spinal Nerve Proper

4.3.1.4.

4.3.1.4.1.

4.3.1.4.2.

4.3.2.

Spinal Nerve Plexuses

4.3.2.1.

Cervical Plexus

4.3.2.1.1.

4.3.2.1.2.

Cutaneous Branches

4.3.2.2.

Brachial Plexus

4.3.2.2.1.

Roots and Trunks

4.3.2.2.2.

Divisions and Cords

4.3.2.2.3.

Terminal Branches

4.3.2.2.3.1.

Musculocutaneous Nerve

4.3.2.2.3.2.

4.3.2.2.3.3.

4.3.2.2.3.4.

4.3.2.2.3.5.

4.3.2.3.

4.3.2.3.1.

4.3.2.3.2.

Obturator Nerve

4.3.2.3.3.

Lateral Femoral Cutaneous Nerve

4.3.2.4.

4.3.2.4.1.

4.3.2.4.2.

4.3.2.4.3.

Posterior Femoral Cutaneous Nerve

4.3.3.

4.3.3.1.

Segmental Innervation Patterns

4.3.3.2.

Clinical Significance

4.3.4.

4.3.4.1.

Muscle Segmental Innervation

4.3.4.2.

4.4.

The Autonomic Nervous System

4.4.1.

General Organization

4.4.1.1.

Two-neuron Chain

4.4.1.2.

Preganglionic and Postganglionic Neurons

4.4.1.3.

Neurotransmitter Systems

4.4.2.

Sympathetic Division

4.4.2.1.

Thoracolumbar Outflow

4.4.2.1.1.

Spinal Cord Segments T1-L2

4.4.2.2.

Sympathetic Chain Ganglia

4.4.2.2.1.

Paravertebral Ganglia

4.4.2.2.2.

White and Gray Rami

4.4.2.3.

Prevertebral Ganglia

4.4.2.3.1.

Celiac Ganglion

4.4.2.3.2.

Superior Mesenteric Ganglion

4.4.2.3.3.

Inferior Mesenteric Ganglion

4.4.2.4.

Adrenal Medulla

4.4.2.5.

Sympathetic Functions

4.4.2.5.1.

Fight-or-flight Response

4.4.2.5.2.

Cardiovascular Effects

4.4.2.5.3.

Metabolic Effects

4.4.3.

Parasympathetic Division

4.4.3.1.

Craniosacral Outflow

4.4.3.1.1.

Cranial Component

4.4.3.1.2.

Sacral Component

4.4.3.2.

Terminal Ganglia

4.4.3.2.1.

Location Near Target Organs

4.4.3.3.

Parasympathetic Functions

4.4.3.3.1.

Rest-and-digest Response

4.4.3.3.2.

Visceral Regulation

4.4.4.

Enteric Nervous System

4.4.4.1.

Myenteric Plexus

4.4.4.2.

Submucosal Plexus

4.4.4.3.

Intrinsic Gut Reflexes

4.4.4.4.

Modulation by CNS

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5. The Central Nervous System: The Spinal Cord