Nanochemistry

5.

Characterization of Nanomaterials

5.1.

Imaging and Microscopy Techniques

5.1.1.

Scanning Probe Microscopy

5.1.1.1.

Atomic Force Microscopy

5.1.1.1.1.

Contact Mode Imaging

5.1.1.1.2.

Tapping Mode Imaging

5.1.1.1.3.

Force Measurements

5.1.1.2.

Scanning Tunneling Microscopy

5.1.1.2.1.

Principle of Operation

5.1.1.2.2.

Surface Electronic Structure

5.1.2.

Electron Microscopy

5.1.2.1.

Scanning Electron Microscopy

5.1.2.1.1.

Surface Morphology Analysis

5.1.2.1.2.

Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy

5.1.2.2.

Transmission Electron Microscopy

5.1.2.2.1.

High-Resolution Imaging

5.1.2.2.2.

Electron Diffraction

5.1.2.3.

High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy

5.1.2.3.1.

Lattice Imaging

5.1.2.3.2.

Defect Analysis

5.2.

Spectroscopic Techniques

5.2.1.

UV-Visible Spectroscopy

5.2.1.1.

Absorption Spectroscopy

5.2.1.2.

Band Gap Determination

5.2.2.

Photoluminescence Spectroscopy

5.2.2.1.

Emission Properties

5.2.3.

Raman Spectroscopy

5.2.3.1.

Vibrational Modes

5.2.3.2.

Identification of Carbon Nanomaterials

5.2.4.

Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy

5.2.4.1.

Functional Group Analysis

5.2.5.

X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy

5.2.5.1.

Surface Composition Analysis

5.2.5.2.

Chemical State Analysis

5.2.6.

Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy

5.2.6.1.

Elemental Mapping

5.3.

Diffraction and Scattering Techniques

5.3.1.

X-ray Diffraction

5.3.1.1.

Crystal Structure Determination

5.3.1.2.

Phase Identification

5.3.2.

Small-Angle X-ray Scattering

5.3.2.1.

Nanostructure Analysis

5.3.3.

Dynamic Light Scattering

5.3.3.1.

Particle Size Distribution

5.4.

Surface and Porosity Analysis

5.4.1.

Brunauer-Emmett-Teller Analysis

5.4.1.1.

Surface Area Measurement

5.4.1.2.

Pore Size Distribution

5.4.2.

Thermogravimetric Analysis

5.4.2.1.

Thermal Stability

5.4.2.2.

Composition Analysis

5.4.3.

Differential Scanning Calorimetry

5.4.3.1.

Phase Transitions

5.4.3.2.

Heat Capacity Measurement

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4. Classes of Nanomaterials

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6. Unique Properties at the Nanoscale