Morphology and Syntax

  1. Syntax: The Structure of Sentences
    1. Syntactic Categories
      1. Lexical Categories
        1. Noun
          1. Distributional Properties
            1. Morphological Properties
              1. Semantic Properties
                1. Subcategories of Nouns
                2. Verb
                  1. Distributional Properties
                    1. Morphological Properties
                      1. Semantic Properties
                        1. Subcategories of Verbs
                        2. Adjective
                          1. Distributional Properties
                            1. Morphological Properties
                              1. Semantic Properties
                                1. Predicative vs. Attributive Use
                                2. Adverb
                                  1. Distributional Properties
                                    1. Morphological Properties
                                      1. Semantic Properties
                                        1. Types of Adverbs
                                        2. Preposition
                                          1. Distributional Properties
                                            1. Morphological Properties
                                              1. Semantic Properties
                                                1. Simple vs. Complex Prepositions
                                              2. Functional Categories
                                                1. Determiner
                                                  1. Articles
                                                    1. Demonstratives
                                                      1. Quantifiers
                                                        1. Possessives
                                                        2. Auxiliary
                                                          1. Aspectual Auxiliaries
                                                            1. Tense Auxiliaries
                                                              1. Passive Auxiliaries
                                                              2. Conjunction
                                                                1. Coordinating Conjunctions
                                                                  1. Subordinating Conjunctions
                                                                    1. Correlative Conjunctions
                                                                    2. Complementizer
                                                                      1. Declarative Complementizers
                                                                        1. Interrogative Complementizers
                                                                          1. Conditional Complementizers
                                                                        2. Category Diagnostics
                                                                          1. Distributional Tests
                                                                            1. Morphological Tests
                                                                              1. Semantic Tests
                                                                              2. Cross-Linguistic Variation in Categories
                                                                              3. Phrase Structure
                                                                                1. The Concept of Constituency
                                                                                  1. Definition of Constituent
                                                                                    1. Hierarchical Organization
                                                                                      1. Immediate Constituents
                                                                                      2. Tests for Constituency
                                                                                        1. Substitution Test
                                                                                          1. Movement Test
                                                                                            1. Stand-Alone Test
                                                                                              1. Clefting Test
                                                                                                1. Coordination Test
                                                                                                  1. Fragment Answers
                                                                                                  2. Phrase Structure Rules
                                                                                                    1. Context-Free Grammar Rules
                                                                                                      1. Basic Rules for English
                                                                                                        1. Recursive Rules
                                                                                                          1. Optional and Alternative Elements
                                                                                                          2. Cross-Linguistic Variation
                                                                                                            1. Word Order Typology
                                                                                                              1. Head-Initial vs. Head-Final
                                                                                                              2. Heads and Dependents
                                                                                                                1. Definition of Head
                                                                                                                  1. Head-Dependent Relations
                                                                                                                    1. Endocentricity
                                                                                                                    2. Complements and Adjuncts
                                                                                                                      1. Complements
                                                                                                                        1. Obligatory Elements
                                                                                                                          1. Subcategorization
                                                                                                                            1. Selection Restrictions
                                                                                                                            2. Adjuncts
                                                                                                                              1. Optional Elements
                                                                                                                                1. Modification Relations
                                                                                                                                  1. Iteration Properties
                                                                                                                                2. Specifiers
                                                                                                                                  1. Definition and Function
                                                                                                                                    1. Subject Position
                                                                                                                                      1. Determiner Position
                                                                                                                                    2. X-Bar Theory
                                                                                                                                      1. The X-Bar Schema
                                                                                                                                        1. Three Levels of Projection
                                                                                                                                          1. XP (Maximal Projection)
                                                                                                                                            1. X' (Intermediate Projection)
                                                                                                                                              1. X (Head)
                                                                                                                                              2. Universal Principles
                                                                                                                                                1. Binary Branching
                                                                                                                                                  1. Endocentricity
                                                                                                                                                    1. Uniform Structure
                                                                                                                                                    2. Phrase Types
                                                                                                                                                      1. Noun Phrase Structure
                                                                                                                                                        1. DP Hypothesis
                                                                                                                                                          1. Specifier-Head-Complement Order
                                                                                                                                                            1. Adjective Placement
                                                                                                                                                            2. Verb Phrase Structure
                                                                                                                                                              1. VP-Internal Subject Hypothesis
                                                                                                                                                                1. Object Positions
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Adverbial Positions
                                                                                                                                                                  2. Prepositional Phrase Structure
                                                                                                                                                                    1. P-NP Relations
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Complex Prepositions
                                                                                                                                                                      2. Adjective Phrase Structure
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Degree Specifiers
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Complement Selection
                                                                                                                                                                          2. Complementizer Phrase Structure
                                                                                                                                                                            1. CP-IP Relations
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Embedded Clauses
                                                                                                                                                                            2. Advantages and Problems
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Empirical Coverage
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Theoretical Elegance
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Cross-Linguistic Challenges
                                                                                                                                                                                2. Sentence Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. The Clause
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Definition and Properties
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Clause Types
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Finite Clauses
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Non-finite Clauses
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Small Clauses
                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Main Clauses
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Independent Status
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Illocutionary Force
                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Subordinate Clauses
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Complement Clauses
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Adverbial Clauses
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Relative Clauses
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Comparative Clauses
                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Sentence Types
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Declarative Sentences
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Structure and Properties
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Information Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Interrogative Sentences
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Yes/No Questions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Wh-Questions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Alternative Questions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Tag Questions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Imperative Sentences
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Structure and Properties
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Subject Properties
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Exclamative Sentences
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Structure and Properties
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Wh-Exclamatives
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Complex Sentences
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Coordination
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Phrasal Coordination
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Clausal Coordination
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Gapping and Ellipsis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Subordination
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Complement Clauses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Adverbial Clauses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Relative Clauses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Syntactic Relations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Grammatical Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Subject
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Properties and Tests
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Grammatical vs. Logical Subject
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Expletive Subjects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Direct Object
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Properties and Tests
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Accusative Case
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Passivization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Indirect Object
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Properties and Tests
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Dative Case
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Double Object Construction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Oblique
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Prepositional Objects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Adjuncts vs. Obliques
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Thematic Roles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Agent
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Definition and Properties
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Agentivity Tests
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Patient
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Definition and Properties
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Affected Objects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Theme
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Definition and Properties
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Unaffected Objects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Experiencer
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Definition and Properties
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Psychological Predicates
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Goal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Definition and Properties
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Directional Predicates
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Source
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Definition and Properties
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Origin Expressions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Instrument
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Definition and Properties
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Instrumental Phrases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Location
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Definition and Properties
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Locative Expressions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Beneficiary
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Definition and Properties
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Benefactive Constructions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. The Theta Criterion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. One-to-One Correspondence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Theta Assignment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Violations and Consequences
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Argument Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Subcategorization Frames
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Argument Realization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Alternations in Argument Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Syntactic Processes and Transformations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Deep Structure vs. Surface Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. D-Structure Properties
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. S-Structure Properties
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Derivational Relations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Movement Operations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Properties of Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Structure Preservation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Locality Constraints
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Landing Sites
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Head Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Verb Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Auxiliary Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Complementizer Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Constraints on Head Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Phrasal Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. A-Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. NP-Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Passive Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Raising Constructions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. A'-Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Wh-Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Topicalization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Focus Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Passivization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Active vs. Passive Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Argument Structure Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. By-Phrase Properties
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Restrictions on Passivization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Cross-Linguistic Variation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Question Formation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Yes/No Questions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Subject-Auxiliary Inversion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Do-Support
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Cross-Linguistic Patterns
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Wh-Questions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Wh-Fronting
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Wh-in-situ
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Multiple Wh-Questions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Long-Distance Dependencies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Indirect Questions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Embedded Questions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Selection Properties
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Other Transformational Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Topicalization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Heavy NP Shift
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Extraposition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Clefting and Pseudo-Clefting
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Syntactic Constraints
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Island Constraints
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Complex NP Constraint
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Wh-Island Constraint
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Adjunct Island Constraint
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Subject Island Constraint
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Binding Theory
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Anaphors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Pronouns
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. R-Expressions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Binding Domains
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Case Theory
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Structural Case
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Inherent Case
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Case Assignment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Case Filter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Syntactic Ambiguity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Structural Ambiguity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Attachment Ambiguity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Scope Ambiguity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Coordination Ambiguity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Lexical Ambiguity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Category Ambiguity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Subcategorization Ambiguity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Resolution Strategies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Parsing Preferences
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Context Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Semantic Constraints

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Previous

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Morphology: The Structure of Words

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Go to top

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Next

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    4. The Morphosyntax Interface