Medicinal Plants

  1. Regulation, Safety, and Quality Control
    1. International Regulatory Frameworks
      1. World Health Organization Guidelines
        1. Good Manufacturing Practices
          1. Facility Requirements
            1. Equipment Standards
              1. Personnel Training
                1. Documentation Systems
                2. Quality Control Standards
                  1. Testing Requirements
                    1. Specification Limits
                      1. Batch Release Criteria
                      2. Safety Monitoring
                        1. Adverse Event Reporting
                          1. Risk Assessment
                            1. Benefit-Risk Analysis
                          2. International Conference on Harmonisation
                            1. Guideline Development
                              1. Regulatory Harmonization
                                1. Quality Standards
                                2. Codex Alimentarius
                                  1. Food Safety Standards
                                    1. Nutritional Guidelines
                                      1. International Trade
                                    2. Regional Regulatory Systems
                                      1. United States Regulations
                                        1. Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act
                                          1. Classification System
                                            1. Labeling Requirements
                                              1. Health Claims
                                              2. FDA Oversight
                                                1. Good Manufacturing Practices
                                                  1. Adverse Event Reporting
                                                    1. Market Surveillance
                                                    2. USP Standards
                                                      1. Monograph Development
                                                        1. Quality Specifications
                                                          1. Testing Methods
                                                        2. European Union Regulations
                                                          1. Traditional Herbal Medicinal Products Directive
                                                            1. Registration Requirements
                                                              1. Safety Documentation
                                                                1. Quality Standards
                                                                2. Novel Food Regulations
                                                                  1. Authorization Process
                                                                    1. Safety Assessment
                                                                      1. Labeling Requirements
                                                                      2. European Medicines Agency
                                                                        1. Scientific Advice
                                                                          1. Assessment Procedures
                                                                            1. Post-Market Surveillance
                                                                          2. Other Regional Systems
                                                                            1. Health Canada
                                                                              1. Natural Health Products Regulations
                                                                                1. Licensing Requirements
                                                                                  1. Quality Standards
                                                                                  2. Therapeutic Goods Administration (Australia)
                                                                                    1. Listed vs. Registered Products
                                                                                      1. Evidence Requirements
                                                                                        1. Manufacturing Standards
                                                                                        2. Traditional Medicine Regulations (Asia)
                                                                                          1. Country-Specific Systems
                                                                                            1. Registration Processes
                                                                                              1. Quality Control
                                                                                          2. Quality Control and Standardization
                                                                                            1. Authentication of Plant Material
                                                                                              1. Macroscopic Examination
                                                                                                1. Morphological Features
                                                                                                  1. Organoleptic Properties
                                                                                                    1. Foreign Matter Detection
                                                                                                    2. Microscopic Analysis
                                                                                                      1. Cellular Structures
                                                                                                        1. Diagnostic Features
                                                                                                          1. Powder Microscopy
                                                                                                          2. Chemical Identification
                                                                                                            1. Thin Layer Chromatography
                                                                                                              1. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
                                                                                                                1. Spectroscopic Methods
                                                                                                                2. DNA Barcoding
                                                                                                                  1. Molecular Identification
                                                                                                                    1. Species Verification
                                                                                                                      1. Adulteration Detection
                                                                                                                    2. Purity Testing
                                                                                                                      1. Heavy Metals
                                                                                                                        1. Lead, Mercury, Cadmium
                                                                                                                          1. Arsenic Testing
                                                                                                                            1. Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy
                                                                                                                              1. ICP-MS Methods
                                                                                                                              2. Pesticide Residues
                                                                                                                                1. Organochlorines
                                                                                                                                  1. Organophosphates
                                                                                                                                    1. Carbamates
                                                                                                                                      1. Multi-Residue Methods
                                                                                                                                      2. Microbial Contamination
                                                                                                                                        1. Total Aerobic Count
                                                                                                                                          1. Yeast and Mold
                                                                                                                                            1. Pathogenic Bacteria
                                                                                                                                              1. Aflatoxins
                                                                                                                                              2. Radioactivity
                                                                                                                                                1. Gamma Radiation
                                                                                                                                                  1. Beta Radiation
                                                                                                                                                    1. Monitoring Programs
                                                                                                                                                  2. Standardization Methods
                                                                                                                                                    1. Marker Compounds
                                                                                                                                                      1. Active Constituents
                                                                                                                                                        1. Characteristic Compounds
                                                                                                                                                          1. Quantitative Analysis
                                                                                                                                                          2. Fingerprinting Techniques
                                                                                                                                                            1. Chromatographic Profiles
                                                                                                                                                              1. Spectroscopic Fingerprints
                                                                                                                                                                1. Pattern Recognition
                                                                                                                                                                2. Biological Standardization
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Bioassays
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Pharmacological Testing
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Activity Correlation
                                                                                                                                                                    2. Analytical Method Validation
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Specificity
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Linearity
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Accuracy
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Precision
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Detection Limits
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Quantitation Limits
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Robustness
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. System Suitability
                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Safety Assessment and Monitoring
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Preclinical Safety Studies
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Acute Toxicity Studies
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Single Dose Testing
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. LD50 Determination
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Clinical Observations
                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Repeated Dose Studies
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Subacute Toxicity
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Chronic Toxicity
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Target Organ Identification
                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Reproductive Toxicity
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Fertility Studies
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Developmental Toxicity
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Teratogenicity Assessment
                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Genotoxicity Testing
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Ames Test
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Chromosomal Aberration
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Micronucleus Assay
                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Clinical Safety Monitoring
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Adverse Event Reporting
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Spontaneous Reporting
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Healthcare Professional Reports
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Consumer Reports
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Pharmacovigilance Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Signal Detection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Risk Assessment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Risk Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Post-Market Surveillance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Safety Updates
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Periodic Reviews
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Regulatory Actions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Risk Assessment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Hazard Identification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Toxicological Data
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Clinical Evidence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Literature Review
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Dose-Response Assessment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. No Observable Effect Level
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Benchmark Dose
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Safety Factors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Exposure Assessment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Consumption Data
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Bioavailability
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Population Variability
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Risk Characterization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Risk-Benefit Analysis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Uncertainty Factors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Sensitive Populations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Consumer Protection and Education
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Labeling Requirements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Product Identification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Botanical Names
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Plant Parts Used
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Extract Ratios
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Ingredient Lists
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Active Ingredients
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Inactive Ingredients
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Allergen Information
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Dosage Instructions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Frequency of Use
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Duration of Treatment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Safety Warnings
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Contraindications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Drug Interactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Adverse Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Health Claims Regulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Structure-Function Claims
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Permitted Statements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Substantiation Requirements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Disclaimer Requirements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Disease Claims
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Prohibited Statements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Regulatory Approval
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Evidence Standards
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Nutrient Content Claims
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Standardized Definitions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Quantitative Requirements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Comparative Claims
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Consumer Education
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Safe Use Practices
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Proper Dosing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Duration Limits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Professional Consultation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Quality Recognition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Third-Party Testing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Certification Programs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Quality Seals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Information Resources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Reliable Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Scientific Literature
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Healthcare Providers

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Previous

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            8. Cultivation and Conservation

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Go to top

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Back to Start

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Introduction to Medicinal Botany