Materials Synthesis and Processing

7.

Powder Metallurgy and Processing

7.1.

Powder Production Methods

7.1.1.

7.1.1.1.

Gas Atomization

7.1.1.2.

Water Atomization

7.1.1.3.

Centrifugal Atomization

7.1.2.

Mechanical Methods

7.1.2.1.

Crushing and Grinding

7.1.2.2.

Mechanical Alloying

7.1.3.

Chemical Methods

7.1.3.1.

Reduction of Oxides

7.1.3.2.

Precipitation from Solutions

7.1.3.3.

Electrolytic Deposition

7.1.4.

Physical Methods

7.1.4.1.

Condensation from Vapor

7.1.4.2.

Thermal Decomposition

7.2.

Powder Characterization

7.2.1.

Particle Size and Distribution

7.2.1.1.

7.2.1.2.

Laser Diffraction

7.2.1.3.

7.2.2.

Particle Shape and Morphology

7.2.3.

Surface Area Measurement

7.2.3.1.

7.2.3.2.

Permeability Methods

7.2.4.

Powder Flowability

7.2.5.

Chemical Composition

7.2.6.

7.3.

Powder Compaction

7.3.1.

Compaction Mechanisms

7.3.2.

7.3.2.1.

Uniaxial Pressing

7.3.2.2.

Double-Action Pressing

7.3.3.

Isostatic Pressing

7.3.3.1.

Cold Isostatic Pressing

7.3.3.2.

Hot Isostatic Pressing

7.3.4.

Compaction Defects

7.3.4.1.

Density Variations

7.3.4.2.

7.3.4.3.

7.4.

Sintering Processes

7.4.1.

Solid-State Sintering

7.4.1.1.

7.4.1.2.

Sintering Mechanisms

7.4.1.2.1.

Surface Diffusion

7.4.1.2.2.

Volume Diffusion

7.4.1.2.3.

Grain Boundary Diffusion

7.4.1.3.

Densification and Grain Growth

7.4.2.

Liquid-Phase Sintering

7.4.2.1.

Wetting and Spreading

7.4.2.2.

Solution-Reprecipitation

7.4.2.3.

Skeletal Structures

7.4.3.

Activated Sintering

7.4.3.1.

7.4.3.2.

Atmosphere Effects

7.4.4.

Microwave Sintering

7.4.5.

Spark Plasma Sintering

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6. Solid-State Synthesis Methods

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8. Solution-Based Synthesis Methods