Materials Science

4.

Imperfections in Solids

4.1.

Classification of Defects

4.1.1.

Dimensionality of Defects

4.1.2.

Thermodynamic vs Non-Equilibrium Defects

4.2.

4.2.1.

4.2.1.1.

Formation Energy

4.2.1.2.

Equilibrium Concentration

4.2.1.3.

Temperature Dependence

4.2.2.

Self-Interstitials

4.2.3.

Substitutional Atoms

4.2.4.

Interstitial Atoms

4.2.5.

Electronic Defects

4.2.6.

4.2.6.1.

Frenkel Defects

4.2.6.2.

Schottky Defects

4.2.7.

4.3.

Linear Defects (Dislocations)

4.3.1.

Edge Dislocations

4.3.1.1.

Structure and Geometry

4.3.1.2.

4.3.2.

Screw Dislocations

4.3.2.1.

Structure and Geometry

4.3.2.2.

4.3.3.

Mixed Dislocations

4.3.4.

Dislocation Density

4.3.5.

Dislocation Motion

4.3.6.

Dislocation Interactions

4.3.7.

Partial Dislocations

4.4.

4.4.1.

External Surfaces

4.4.1.1.

4.4.1.2.

Surface Reconstruction

4.4.2.

Grain Boundaries

4.4.2.1.

Low-Angle Boundaries

4.4.2.2.

High-Angle Boundaries

4.4.2.3.

Grain Boundary Energy

4.4.2.4.

Special Boundaries

4.4.3.

Twin Boundaries

4.4.3.1.

Annealing Twins

4.4.3.2.

Deformation Twins

4.4.4.

Stacking Faults

4.4.5.

Antiphase Boundaries

4.4.6.

Phase Boundaries

4.5.

4.5.1.

4.5.2.

4.5.3.

4.5.4.

4.5.5.

4.6.

Defect Interactions

4.6.1.

Point Defect Interactions

4.6.2.

Dislocation-Point Defect Interactions

4.6.3.

Dislocation-Dislocation Interactions

4.7.

Effects of Defects on Properties

4.7.1.

Mechanical Properties

4.7.2.

Electrical Properties

4.7.3.

Optical Properties

4.7.4.

Diffusion Properties

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3. Crystal Structure of Solids

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5. Diffusion in Solids