Materials Science

3.

Crystal Structure of Solids

3.1.

Crystalline vs Amorphous Materials

3.1.1.

Definition of Crystallinity

3.1.2.

Long-Range Order

3.1.3.

Short-Range Order

3.1.4.

Amorphous Solids

3.1.5.

Polycrystalline Materials

3.1.6.

Single Crystals

3.2.

Crystal Systems and Bravais Lattices

3.2.1.

Seven Crystal Systems

3.2.1.1.

3.2.1.2.

3.2.1.3.

3.2.1.4.

3.2.1.5.

3.2.1.6.

3.2.1.7.

3.2.2.

Fourteen Bravais Lattices

3.2.3.

3.2.3.1.

Primitive Unit Cells

3.2.3.2.

Non-Primitive Unit Cells

3.2.4.

Lattice Parameters

3.2.4.1.

Lattice Constants

3.2.4.2.

3.3.

Common Metallic Crystal Structures

3.3.1.

Simple Cubic Structure

3.3.2.

Body-Centered Cubic (BCC)

3.3.2.1.

Atomic Positions

3.3.2.2.

Coordination Number

3.3.2.3.

Atomic Packing Factor

3.3.3.

Face-Centered Cubic (FCC)

3.3.3.1.

Atomic Positions

3.3.3.2.

Coordination Number

3.3.3.3.

Atomic Packing Factor

3.3.4.

Hexagonal Close-Packed (HCP)

3.3.4.1.

Atomic Positions

3.3.4.2.

Coordination Number

3.3.4.3.

Atomic Packing Factor

3.3.4.4.

3.4.

Ceramic Crystal Structures

3.4.1.

Rock Salt Structure

3.4.2.

Cesium Chloride Structure

3.4.3.

Zinc Blende Structure

3.4.4.

Fluorite Structure

3.4.5.

Perovskite Structure

3.4.6.

Spinel Structure

3.5.

3.5.1.

Packing Efficiency

3.5.2.

Calculation Methods

3.5.3.

Comparison Among Structures

3.5.4.

Close-Packed Structures

3.6.

Density Calculations

3.6.1.

Theoretical Density

3.6.2.

Experimental Density

3.6.3.

Porosity Effects

3.7.

Polymorphism and Allotropy

3.7.1.

3.7.2.

Examples in Metals

3.7.3.

Examples in Ceramics

3.7.4.

Phase Transformations

3.8.

Crystallographic Notation

3.8.1.

3.8.2.

Crystallographic Directions

3.8.2.1.

Direction Indices

3.8.2.2.

Families of Directions

3.8.3.

Crystallographic Planes

3.8.3.1.

3.8.3.2.

Determination of Miller Indices

3.8.3.3.

Families of Planes

3.8.4.

Planar Densities

3.8.5.

Linear Densities

3.9.

X-Ray Crystallography

3.9.1.

Principles of X-Ray Diffraction

3.9.2.

X-Ray Generation

3.9.3.

3.9.4.

Diffraction Conditions

3.9.5.

Diffraction Techniques

3.9.5.1.

Powder Diffraction

3.9.5.2.

Single Crystal Diffraction

3.9.5.3.

3.9.6.

Structure Determination

3.9.7.

Phase Identification

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2. Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding

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4. Imperfections in Solids