Masonry Design and Structures

3.

Properties of Masonry Assemblages

3.1.

Compressive Behavior

3.1.1.

Factors Affecting Compressive Strength

3.1.1.1.

Unit Strength Influence

3.1.1.2.

Mortar Type Effects

3.1.1.3.

Workmanship Quality

3.1.1.4.

Curing Conditions

3.1.1.5.

3.1.2.

Specified Compressive Strength

3.1.2.1.

Definition and Significance

3.1.2.2.

Design Applications

3.1.2.3.

3.1.3.

Determination Methods

3.1.3.1.

Unit Strength Method

3.1.3.2.

Prism Test Method

3.1.3.3.

In-Place Testing Methods

3.1.4.

Stress-Strain Relationships

3.1.4.1.

Linear Elastic Range

3.1.4.2.

Non-Linear Behavior

3.1.4.3.

Ultimate Strength

3.1.4.4.

Post-Peak Behavior

3.1.5.

Modulus of Elasticity

3.1.5.1.

Initial Tangent Modulus

3.1.5.2.

3.1.5.3.

Determination Methods

3.1.5.4.

Design Applications

3.1.6.

Poisson's Ratio

3.1.6.1.

3.1.6.2.

Measurement Methods

3.2.

Tensile and Flexural Behavior

3.2.1.

Tensile Strength Characteristics

3.2.1.1.

Direct Tensile Strength

3.2.1.2.

Splitting Tensile Strength

3.2.1.3.

Factors Affecting Tensile Strength

3.2.2.

Flexural Behavior

3.2.2.1.

Modulus of Rupture

3.2.2.2.

Out-of-Plane Flexure

3.2.2.3.

In-Plane Flexure

3.2.2.4.

Cracking Moment

3.2.3.

3.2.3.1.

Flexural Bond Strength

3.2.3.2.

Shear Bond Strength

3.2.3.3.

Factors Affecting Bond

3.2.3.4.

Testing Methods

3.2.4.

Cracking Behavior

3.2.4.1.

Crack Initiation

3.2.4.2.

Crack Propagation

3.2.4.3.

3.2.4.4.

Control Methods

3.3.

3.3.1.

Shear Strength Components

3.3.1.1.

3.3.1.2.

3.3.1.3.

Mechanical Interlock

3.3.2.

Unreinforced Masonry Shear

3.3.2.1.

Bed Joint Sliding

3.3.2.2.

Head Joint Cracking

3.3.2.3.

Diagonal Tension

3.3.3.

Reinforced Masonry Shear

3.3.3.1.

Steel Contribution

3.3.3.2.

Masonry Contribution

3.3.3.3.

Interaction Effects

3.3.4.

Shear Failure Modes

3.3.4.1.

Sliding Shear Failure

3.3.4.2.

Diagonal Tension Failure

3.3.4.3.

Flexural Shear Failure

3.3.5.

Testing Methods

3.3.5.1.

Diagonal Compression Test

3.3.5.2.

3.3.5.3.

In-Plane Shear Test

3.4.

Deformation and Movement

3.4.1.

Elastic Deformation

3.4.1.1.

Immediate Deformation

3.4.1.2.

Stress-Strain Response

3.4.1.3.

Recovery Characteristics

3.4.2.

Time-Dependent Deformation

3.4.2.1.

3.4.2.2.

3.4.2.3.

Long-Term Effects

3.4.3.

Moisture Movement

3.4.3.1.

Moisture Expansion

3.4.3.2.

Moisture Shrinkage

3.4.3.3.

Irreversible Effects

3.4.4.

Thermal Movement

3.4.4.1.

Thermal Expansion Coefficients

3.4.4.2.

Temperature Effects

3.4.4.3.

Seasonal Variations

3.4.5.

Chemical Movement

3.4.5.1.

Carbonation Shrinkage

3.4.5.2.

Alkali-Silica Reaction

3.4.5.3.

Sulfate Attack Effects

3.5.

Durability Properties

3.5.1.

Weather Resistance

3.5.1.1.

Freeze-Thaw Resistance

3.5.1.2.

Wet-Dry Cycling

3.5.1.3.

Salt Crystallization

3.5.2.

Chemical Resistance

3.5.2.1.

Acid Resistance

3.5.2.2.

Alkali Resistance

3.5.2.3.

Sulfate Resistance

3.5.3.

Water Penetration Resistance

3.5.3.1.

Permeability Characteristics

3.5.3.2.

Absorption Properties

3.5.3.3.

Capillary Action

3.5.4.

Efflorescence Potential

3.5.4.1.

Soluble Salt Content

3.5.4.2.

Migration Mechanisms

3.5.4.3.

Prevention Methods

3.5.5.

Corrosion Protection

3.5.5.1.

Reinforcement Corrosion

3.5.5.2.

Protective Measures

3.5.5.3.

Monitoring Methods

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4. Structural Analysis of Masonry Elements