Masonry Design and Structures

  1. Masonry Materials and Components
    1. Masonry Units
      1. Clay Bricks
        1. Manufacturing Processes
          1. Raw Material Preparation
            1. Forming Methods
              1. Drying Processes
                1. Firing Techniques
                  1. Quality Control
                  2. Classification Systems
                    1. Facing Bricks
                      1. Common Bricks
                        1. Engineering Bricks
                          1. Fire Bricks
                            1. Paving Bricks
                            2. Physical Properties
                              1. Compressive Strength
                                1. Water Absorption
                                  1. Freeze-Thaw Resistance
                                    1. Dimensional Tolerances
                                    2. Mechanical Properties
                                      1. Modulus of Elasticity
                                        1. Thermal Expansion
                                          1. Durability Characteristics
                                        2. Concrete Masonry Units
                                          1. Unit Types
                                            1. Hollow Units
                                              1. Solid Units
                                                1. Split-Face Units
                                                  1. Architectural Units
                                                  2. Weight Classifications
                                                    1. Normal Weight Units
                                                      1. Medium Weight Units
                                                        1. Lightweight Units
                                                        2. Dimensional Standards
                                                          1. Nominal Dimensions
                                                            1. Actual Dimensions
                                                              1. Modular Coordination
                                                              2. Special Shapes
                                                                1. Corner Units
                                                                  1. Bond Beam Units
                                                                    1. Lintel Units
                                                                      1. Pilaster Units
                                                                      2. Performance Characteristics
                                                                        1. Compressive Strength
                                                                          1. Absorption Properties
                                                                            1. Shrinkage Characteristics
                                                                          2. Structural Clay Tile
                                                                            1. Load-Bearing Tile
                                                                              1. Non-Load-Bearing Tile
                                                                                1. Facing Tile
                                                                                  1. Properties and Limitations
                                                                                  2. Natural Stone
                                                                                    1. Igneous Stones
                                                                                      1. Granite Properties and Uses
                                                                                        1. Basalt Properties and Uses
                                                                                        2. Sedimentary Stones
                                                                                          1. Limestone Properties and Uses
                                                                                            1. Sandstone Properties and Uses
                                                                                              1. Travertine Properties and Uses
                                                                                              2. Metamorphic Stones
                                                                                                1. Marble Properties and Uses
                                                                                                  1. Slate Properties and Uses
                                                                                                    1. Quartzite Properties and Uses
                                                                                                    2. Stone Selection Criteria
                                                                                                      1. Strength Requirements
                                                                                                        1. Durability Considerations
                                                                                                          1. Aesthetic Factors
                                                                                                            1. Cost Analysis
                                                                                                          2. Architectural Terra Cotta
                                                                                                            1. Manufacturing Process
                                                                                                              1. Decorative Applications
                                                                                                                1. Structural Applications
                                                                                                                  1. Maintenance Requirements
                                                                                                                  2. Glass Block
                                                                                                                    1. Solid Glass Units
                                                                                                                      1. Hollow Glass Units
                                                                                                                        1. Structural Applications
                                                                                                                          1. Non-Structural Applications
                                                                                                                            1. Light Transmission Properties
                                                                                                                          2. Mortar
                                                                                                                            1. Functions and Requirements
                                                                                                                              1. Bonding Masonry Units
                                                                                                                                1. Load Transfer
                                                                                                                                  1. Weather Sealing
                                                                                                                                    1. Accommodating Movement
                                                                                                                                      1. Aesthetic Considerations
                                                                                                                                      2. Mortar Constituents
                                                                                                                                        1. Cementitious Materials
                                                                                                                                          1. Portland Cement
                                                                                                                                            1. Masonry Cement
                                                                                                                                              1. Mortar Cement
                                                                                                                                                1. Hydrated Lime
                                                                                                                                                  1. Natural Hydraulic Lime
                                                                                                                                                  2. Aggregates
                                                                                                                                                    1. Sand Gradation Requirements
                                                                                                                                                      1. Sand Quality Standards
                                                                                                                                                        1. Alternative Aggregates
                                                                                                                                                        2. Water Requirements
                                                                                                                                                          1. Water Quality Standards
                                                                                                                                                            1. Water-Cement Ratio
                                                                                                                                                            2. Admixtures
                                                                                                                                                              1. Air-Entraining Agents
                                                                                                                                                                1. Water-Reducing Agents
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Set-Controlling Agents
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Coloring Agents
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Water-Repellent Agents
                                                                                                                                                                    2. Mortar Classification
                                                                                                                                                                      1. ASTM C270 Types
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Type M High-Strength Mortar
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Type S Structural Mortar
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Type N General Purpose Mortar
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Type O Low-Strength Mortar
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Type K Historic Restoration Mortar
                                                                                                                                                                                2. Specification Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Property Specification
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Proportion Specification
                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Mortar Properties
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Fresh Properties
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Workability
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Water Retentivity
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Setting Time
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Air Content
                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Hardened Properties
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Compressive Strength
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Flexural Bond Strength
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Tensile Strength
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Durability
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Permeability
                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Special Mortars
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Refractory Mortars
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Chemical-Resistant Mortars
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Rapid-Setting Mortars
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Polymer-Modified Mortars
                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Grout
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Functions and Applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Void Filling
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Reinforcement Embedment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Load Transfer Enhancement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Structural Continuity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Grout Constituents
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Cementitious Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Portland Cement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Supplementary Cementitious Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Aggregates
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Fine Aggregate Requirements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Coarse Aggregate Requirements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Aggregate Gradation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Water Requirements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Admixtures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Plasticizers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Air-Entraining Agents
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Shrinkage-Reducing Agents
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Grout Classifications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Fine Grout
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Composition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Coarse Grout
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Composition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          3. Grout Properties
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Fresh Properties
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Consistency
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Flowability
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Setting Time
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Hardened Properties
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Compressive Strength
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Bond Strength
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Shrinkage Characteristics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Grouting Procedures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Preparation Requirements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Placement Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Low-Lift Grouting
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. High-Lift Grouting
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Consolidation Techniques
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Curing Requirements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              3. Reinforcement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Steel Reinforcing Bars
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Bar Sizes and Designations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Steel Grades and Properties
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Deformation Requirements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Corrosion Protection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Joint Reinforcement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Truss-Type Reinforcement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Ladder-Type Reinforcement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Tab-Type Reinforcement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Placement Requirements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Corrosion Protection Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Prestressing Steel
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Strand Properties
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Wire Properties
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Anchorage Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Anchors and Ties
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Wall Ties
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Corrugated Ties
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Rectangular Ties
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Adjustable Ties
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Veneer Anchors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Strap Anchors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Screw Anchors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Clip Anchors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Structural Connectors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Beam Seats
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Joist Anchors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Column Connections
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Non-Metallic Reinforcement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Bars
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Glass Fiber Reinforcement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Carbon Fiber Reinforcement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Accessories and Components
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Flashing Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Flashing Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Metal Flashing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Membrane Flashing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Composite Flashing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Flashing Types
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Through-Wall Flashing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Step Flashing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Cap Flashing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Installation Details
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              3. Weep Holes and Drainage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Weep Hole Types
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Spacing Requirements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Drainage Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Movement Joint Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Expansion Joints
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Control Joints
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Construction Joints
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Sealant Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Backer Rod Installation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Mechanical Fasteners
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Expansion Anchors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Undercut Anchors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Chemical Anchors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Screw Anchors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Selection Criteria
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Insulation Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Rigid Board Insulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Granular Fill Insulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Reflective Insulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Installation Methods

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Introduction to Masonry Structures

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            3. Properties of Masonry Assemblages