Light and Plant Growth

8.

Applications in Controlled Environment Agriculture

8.1.

Supplemental and Sole-Source Lighting

8.1.1.

Purposes and Benefits

8.1.2.

Integration with Natural Light

8.2.

Types of Artificial Lighting

8.2.1.

Light-Emitting Diodes

8.2.1.1.

Spectral Customization

8.2.1.2.

Energy Efficiency

8.2.1.3.

Advantages and Limitations

8.2.2.

High-Pressure Sodium Lamps

8.2.2.1.

Light Spectrum Characteristics

8.2.2.2.

Applications and Limitations

8.2.3.

Fluorescent Lamps

8.2.3.1.

8.2.3.2.

8.2.3.3.

Compact Fluorescent

8.2.3.4.

Suitability for Different Growth Stages

8.2.4.

Metal Halide Lamps

8.2.4.1.

Spectrum Characteristics

8.2.4.2.

8.3.

Manipulating Light to Control Plant Growth

8.3.1.

Controlling Plant Height and Branching

8.3.1.1.

Red to Far-Red Ratio Effects

8.3.1.2.

Blue Light Effects

8.3.2.

Using Photoperiod to Control Flowering Time

8.3.2.1.

Scheduling Techniques

8.3.2.2.

Automation Systems

8.3.3.

Optimizing Daily Light Integral

8.3.3.1.

Adjusting Light Intensity

8.3.3.2.

Adjusting Light Duration

8.3.3.3.

Monitoring and Feedback Systems

8.4.

Light Management for Specific Crops

8.4.1.

8.4.1.1.

Optimal Light Conditions

8.4.1.2.

Growth Strategies

8.4.2.

Fruiting Vegetables

8.4.2.1.

Light Requirements for Different Stages

8.4.2.2.

Yield Optimization

8.4.3.

8.4.3.1.

Quality Control Through Lighting

8.4.3.2.

Flowering Management

8.5.

Energy Efficiency and Sustainability

8.5.1.

Cost-Benefit Analysis

8.5.2.

Environmental Impact of Lighting Choices

8.5.3.

Future Technologies and Trends

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7. Plant Responses to Light Intensity

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1. The Dual Role of Light for Plants