Labor Relations and Collective Bargaining

2.

Union Organizing and Representation

2.1.

Factors Leading to Unionization

2.1.1.

Economic Motivations

2.1.1.1.

Wage Dissatisfaction

2.1.1.2.

Benefit Inadequacy

2.1.1.3.

Pay Equity Concerns

2.1.1.4.

Job Security Issues

2.1.2.

Workplace Conditions

2.1.2.1.

Health and Safety Concerns

2.1.2.2.

Work-Life Balance Issues

2.1.2.3.

Workload and Scheduling Problems

2.1.3.

Management Relations

2.1.3.1.

Perceived Unfair Treatment

2.1.3.2.

Lack of Voice in Decision-Making

2.1.3.3.

Disciplinary Practices

2.1.3.4.

Communication Failures

2.1.4.

External Influences

2.1.4.1.

Union Outreach Efforts

2.1.4.2.

Community Support

2.1.4.3.

Political Climate

2.2.

The Organizing Campaign Process

2.2.1.

Pre-Campaign Activities

2.2.1.1.

Workplace Assessment

2.2.1.2.

Issue Identification

2.2.1.3.

Union Contact and Selection

2.2.2.

Campaign Development

2.2.2.1.

Organizing Committee Formation

2.2.2.2.

Strategy Development

2.2.2.3.

Timeline Planning

2.2.3.

Authorization Card Drive

2.2.3.1.

Card Purpose and Requirements

2.2.3.2.

Solicitation Methods

2.2.3.3.

Legal Protections and Restrictions

2.2.4.

Campaign Communications

2.2.4.1.

Union Messages and Materials

2.2.4.2.

Worker-to-Worker Communication

2.2.4.3.

Use of Technology and Social Media

2.3.

Management Response to Organizing

2.3.1.

Legal Management Tactics

2.3.1.1.

Communication Campaigns

2.3.1.2.

Captive Audience Meetings

2.3.1.3.

Supervisor Training

2.3.1.4.

Consultant Utilization

2.3.2.

Prohibited Management Conduct

2.3.2.1.

Threats and Intimidation

2.3.2.2.

Surveillance Activities

2.3.2.3.

Interrogation of Employees

2.3.2.4.

Promise of Benefits

2.3.3.

Union Avoidance Strategies

2.3.3.1.

Preventive Labor Relations

2.3.3.2.

Employee Engagement Programs

2.3.3.3.

Grievance Procedures

2.4.

NLRB Representation Process

2.4.1.

Petition Filing Requirements

2.4.1.1.

Types of Petitions

2.4.1.2.

Showing of Interest

2.4.1.3.

Timing Restrictions

2.4.2.

Bargaining Unit Determination

2.4.2.1.

Community of Interest Factors

2.4.2.2.

Appropriate Unit Standards

2.4.2.3.

Inclusion and Exclusion Issues

2.4.3.

Pre-Election Procedures

2.4.3.1.

NLRB Investigation

2.4.3.2.

Hearing Process

2.4.3.3.

Election Agreements

2.4.4.

Election Conduct

2.4.4.1.

Campaign Period Rules

2.4.4.2.

Voting Procedures

2.4.4.3.

Observer Rights

2.4.4.4.

Ballot Challenges

2.4.5.

Post-Election Procedures

2.4.5.1.

Certification Process

2.4.5.2.

Objection Filing

2.4.5.3.

Bargaining Order Remedies

2.5.

Alternative Recognition Methods

2.5.1.

Voluntary Recognition

2.5.1.1.

Card Check Agreements

2.5.1.2.

Neutrality Agreements

2.5.1.3.

Legal Standards

2.5.2.

Decertification Elections

2.5.2.1.

Employee-Initiated Petitions

2.5.2.2.

Employer Petitions

2.5.2.3.

Withdrawal of Recognition

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1. Foundations of Labor Relations

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3. Collective Bargaining Process