Kubernetes Security

3.

Cluster Security

3.1.

Securing the Control Plane

3.1.1.

API Server Security

3.1.1.1.

Disabling Unauthenticated Access

3.1.1.1.1.

Anonymous Authentication Disable

3.1.1.1.2.

Insecure Port Disable

3.1.1.1.3.

Default Service Account Restrictions

3.1.1.2.

TLS Encryption for API Server Communication

3.1.1.2.1.

Certificate Management

3.1.1.2.1.1.

Certificate Authority Setup

3.1.1.2.1.2.

Certificate Generation

3.1.1.2.1.3.

Certificate Distribution

3.1.1.2.2.

Certificate Rotation

3.1.1.2.2.1.

Automated Rotation Procedures

3.1.1.2.2.2.

Manual Rotation Processes

3.1.1.2.2.3.

Certificate Expiry Monitoring

3.1.1.3.

API Server Authentication Methods

3.1.1.3.1.

Client Certificate Authentication

3.1.1.3.1.1.

Certificate-based Client Auth

3.1.1.3.1.2.

Certificate Validation

3.1.1.3.1.3.

Certificate Revocation Lists

3.1.1.3.2.

Token-based Authentication

3.1.1.3.2.1.

Bearer Token Authentication

3.1.1.3.2.2.

Service Account Tokens

3.1.1.3.2.3.

Token Validation

3.1.1.3.3.

OIDC Integration

3.1.1.3.3.1.

OIDC Provider Configuration

3.1.1.3.3.2.

3.1.1.3.3.3.

Group Claims Processing

3.1.1.4.

API Server Authorization Modes

3.1.1.4.1.

Role-Based Access Control

3.1.1.4.1.1.

RBAC Configuration

3.1.1.4.1.2.

Role and ClusterRole Management

3.1.1.4.1.3.

RoleBinding Management

3.1.1.4.2.

Attribute-Based Access Control

3.1.1.4.2.1.

ABAC Policy Files

3.1.1.4.2.2.

Attribute Definition

3.1.1.4.2.3.

Policy Evaluation

3.1.1.4.3.

Node Authorization

3.1.1.4.3.1.

Node Identity Verification

3.1.1.4.3.2.

Node-specific Permissions

3.1.1.4.3.3.

Node Registration Security

3.1.1.4.4.

Webhook Authorization

3.1.1.4.4.1.

Webhook Endpoint Security

3.1.1.4.4.2.

Authorization Decision Logic

3.1.1.4.4.3.

Webhook Performance Considerations

3.1.1.5.

API Rate Limiting and Throttling

3.1.1.5.1.

Preventing Denial of Service

3.1.1.5.1.1.

Request Rate Limits

3.1.1.5.1.2.

Connection Limits

3.1.1.5.1.3.

Resource-based Throttling

3.1.1.5.2.

Configuring API Server Limits

3.1.1.5.2.1.

Priority and Fairness Configuration

3.1.1.5.2.2.

Flow Schema Definition

3.1.1.5.2.3.

Queue Management

3.1.1.6.

API Server Audit Logging

3.1.1.6.1.

Audit Policy Configuration

3.1.1.6.2.

Audit Log Formats

3.1.1.6.3.

Audit Log Storage and Retention

3.1.2.

3.1.2.1.

Encrypting etcd Data at Rest

3.1.2.1.1.

Encryption Providers

3.1.2.1.1.1.

AES-CBC Encryption

3.1.2.1.1.2.

AES-GCM Encryption

3.1.2.1.1.3.

External KMS Integration

3.1.2.1.2.

3.1.2.1.2.1.

Key Rotation Procedures

3.1.2.1.2.2.

Key Storage Security

3.1.2.1.2.3.

Key Recovery Processes

3.1.2.2.

Requiring TLS for etcd Communication

3.1.2.2.1.

Certificate Configuration

3.1.2.2.1.1.

Client-Server TLS

3.1.2.2.1.2.

Peer-to-Peer TLS

3.1.2.2.1.3.

Certificate Validation

3.1.2.3.

Restricting etcd Access to API Server Only

3.1.2.3.1.

Network Segmentation for etcd

3.1.2.3.1.1.

etcd Network Isolation

3.1.2.3.1.2.

Private Network Configuration

3.1.2.3.1.3.

Network Policy Implementation

3.1.2.3.2.

Firewall Rules for etcd

3.1.2.3.2.1.

Port Restrictions

3.1.2.3.2.2.

Source IP Filtering

3.1.2.3.2.3.

Protocol-level Controls

3.1.2.4.

etcd Backup and Recovery Security

3.1.2.4.1.

Encrypted Backup Storage

3.1.2.4.2.

Backup Access Controls

3.1.2.4.3.

Recovery Procedure Security

3.1.3.

Controller Manager and Scheduler Security

3.1.3.1.

Hardening Component Configurations

3.1.3.1.1.

Secure Configuration Files

3.1.3.1.1.1.

Configuration File Permissions

3.1.3.1.1.2.

Configuration Validation

3.1.3.1.1.3.

Secure Defaults

3.1.3.1.2.

Disabling Unnecessary Features

3.1.3.1.2.1.

Feature Gate Management

3.1.3.1.2.2.

Unused Controller Disable

3.1.3.1.2.3.

Service Account Token Projection

3.1.3.2.

Running with Secure Profiles

3.1.3.2.1.

User and Group Permissions

3.1.3.2.1.1.

Non-root User Execution

3.1.3.2.1.2.

Group Membership Management

3.1.3.2.1.3.

File System Permissions

3.1.3.2.2.

Limiting Network Access

3.1.3.2.2.1.

Network Policy Application

3.1.3.2.2.2.

Port Binding Restrictions

3.1.3.2.2.3.

Outbound Connection Controls

3.1.3.3.

Securing Component Communication

3.1.3.3.1.

Inter-component TLS

3.1.3.3.2.

Service Account Authentication

3.1.3.3.3.

Secure Communication Channels

3.2.

Securing Worker Nodes

3.2.1.

3.2.1.1.

Minimizing the Host OS

3.2.1.1.1.

Using Minimal OS Images

3.2.1.1.1.1.

Container-optimized OS

3.2.1.1.1.2.

Stripped-down Distributions

3.2.1.1.1.3.

Custom Image Creation

3.2.1.1.2.

Removing Unnecessary Packages

3.2.1.1.2.1.

Package Inventory Management

3.2.1.1.2.2.

Unused Service Removal

3.2.1.1.2.3.

Development Tool Removal

3.2.1.2.

Applying Security Patches

3.2.1.2.1.

Patch Management Automation

3.2.1.2.1.1.

Automated Update Systems

3.2.1.2.1.2.

Patch Scheduling

3.2.1.2.1.3.

Update Verification

3.2.1.2.2.

Patch Verification

3.2.1.2.2.1.

Pre-deployment Testing

3.2.1.2.2.2.

Rollback Procedures

3.2.1.2.2.3.

Patch Impact Assessment

3.2.1.3.

Filesystem Permissions and Integrity Monitoring

3.2.1.3.1.

File Integrity Monitoring Tools

3.2.1.3.1.1.

AIDE Configuration

3.2.1.3.1.2.

Tripwire Implementation

3.2.1.3.1.3.

Custom FIM Solutions

3.2.1.3.2.

Restricting Sensitive File Access

3.2.1.3.2.1.

File Permission Hardening

3.2.1.3.2.2.

Access Control Lists

3.2.1.3.2.3.

Sensitive Directory Protection

3.2.1.4.

Using Immutable Node Images

3.2.1.4.1.

Golden Image Management

3.2.1.4.1.1.

Image Build Pipelines

3.2.1.4.1.2.

Image Versioning

3.2.1.4.1.3.

Image Security Scanning

3.2.1.4.2.

Image Update Strategies

3.2.1.4.2.1.

Blue-Green Node Updates

3.2.1.4.2.2.

Rolling Node Updates

3.2.1.4.2.3.

Canary Node Deployments

3.2.1.5.

Disabling Unnecessary Services

3.2.1.5.1.

Service Inventory and Assessment

3.2.1.5.2.

Service Disable Procedures

3.2.1.5.3.

Service Monitoring

3.2.2.

Kubelet Security

3.2.2.1.

Kubelet Configuration Hardening

3.2.2.1.1.

Secure Kubelet Flags

3.2.2.1.1.1.

Authentication Configuration

3.2.2.1.1.2.

Authorization Configuration

3.2.2.1.1.3.

TLS Configuration

3.2.2.1.2.

Protecting Kubelet Credentials

3.2.2.1.2.1.

Credential File Permissions

3.2.2.1.2.2.

Credential Rotation

3.2.2.1.2.3.

Secure Credential Storage

3.2.2.2.

Disabling Anonymous Authentication

3.2.2.2.1.

Anonymous Auth Disable

3.2.2.2.2.

Authentication Requirement Enforcement

3.2.2.2.3.

Fallback Authentication Methods

3.2.2.3.

Enforcing Authorization

3.2.2.3.1.

Webhook Authorization for Kubelet

3.2.2.3.1.1.

Authorization Webhook Configuration

3.2.2.3.1.2.

Authorization Decision Logic

3.2.2.3.1.3.

Webhook Security

3.2.2.4.

Read-only Port Management

3.2.2.4.1.

Disabling Read-only Port

3.2.2.4.2.

Alternative Monitoring Methods

3.2.2.4.3.

Health Check Configuration

3.2.2.5.

Securing Kubelet Communication

3.2.2.5.1.

TLS for Kubelet API

3.2.2.5.1.1.

Certificate Configuration

3.2.2.5.1.2.

TLS Version Requirements

3.2.2.5.1.3.

Cipher Suite Selection

3.2.2.5.2.

Node-to-Kubelet Authentication

3.2.2.5.2.1.

Client Certificate Authentication

3.2.2.5.2.2.

Token-based Authentication

3.2.2.5.2.3.

Mutual TLS Configuration

3.3.

Authentication, Authorization, and Admission Control

3.3.1.

3.3.1.1.

X.509 Client Certificates

3.3.1.1.1.

Certificate Issuance and Management

3.3.1.1.1.1.

Certificate Authority Management

3.3.1.1.1.2.

Certificate Request Processing

3.3.1.1.1.3.

Certificate Lifecycle Management

3.3.1.1.2.

Certificate Revocation

3.3.1.1.2.1.

Certificate Revocation Lists

3.3.1.1.2.2.

Online Certificate Status Protocol

3.3.1.1.2.3.

Certificate Blacklisting

3.3.1.2.

Static Token Files

3.3.1.2.1.

Token Generation and Storage

3.3.1.2.1.1.

Secure Token Generation

3.3.1.2.1.2.

Token File Security

3.3.1.2.1.3.

Token Distribution

3.3.1.3.

Bootstrap Tokens

3.3.1.3.1.

Token Lifecycle Management

3.3.1.3.1.1.

3.3.1.3.1.2.

Token Expiration

3.3.1.3.1.3.

3.3.1.4.

Service Account Tokens

3.3.1.4.1.

Token Mounting and Usage

3.3.1.4.1.1.

Automatic Token Mounting

3.3.1.4.1.2.

Manual Token Management

3.3.1.4.1.3.

Token Projection

3.3.1.4.2.

Token Expiry and Rotation

3.3.1.4.2.1.

Token Lifetime Configuration

3.3.1.4.2.2.

Automatic Token Rotation

3.3.1.4.2.3.

Token Refresh Mechanisms

3.3.1.5.

OpenID Connect Tokens

3.3.1.5.1.

OIDC Provider Integration

3.3.1.5.1.1.

Provider Configuration

3.3.1.5.1.2.

Discovery Endpoint Setup

3.3.1.5.1.3.

Issuer Validation

3.3.1.5.2.

OIDC Claims and Scopes

3.3.1.5.2.1.

Standard Claims Processing

3.3.1.5.2.2.

Custom Claims Mapping

3.3.1.5.2.3.

Scope-based Authorization

3.3.1.6.

Webhook Token Authentication

3.3.1.6.1.

Webhook Endpoint Security

3.3.1.6.1.1.

Webhook TLS Configuration

3.3.1.6.1.2.

Webhook Authentication

3.3.1.6.1.3.

Webhook Authorization

3.3.2.

3.3.2.1.

Role-Based Access Control

3.3.2.1.1.

Roles and ClusterRoles

3.3.2.1.1.1.

Defining Permissions

3.3.2.1.1.1.1.

Resource-based Permissions

3.3.2.1.1.1.2.

Verb-based Permissions

3.3.2.1.1.1.3.

API Group Permissions

3.3.2.1.1.2.

3.3.2.1.1.2.1.

Namespace-scoped Roles

3.3.2.1.1.2.2.

Cluster-scoped Roles

3.3.2.1.1.2.3.

Resource Name Restrictions

3.3.2.1.2.

RoleBindings and ClusterRoleBindings

3.3.2.1.2.1.

Binding Users and Groups

3.3.2.1.2.1.1.

User-to-Role Bindings

3.3.2.1.2.1.2.

Group-to-Role Bindings

3.3.2.1.2.1.3.

Service Account Bindings

3.3.2.1.2.2.

Namespace vs Cluster Scope

3.3.2.1.2.2.1.

Namespace-level Bindings

3.3.2.1.2.2.2.

Cluster-level Bindings

3.3.2.1.2.2.3.

Cross-namespace Access

3.3.2.1.3.

Service Accounts and RBAC

3.3.2.1.3.1.

Assigning Roles to Service Accounts

3.3.2.1.3.1.1.

Default Service Account Roles

3.3.2.1.3.1.2.

Custom Service Account Roles

3.3.2.1.3.1.3.

Service Account Isolation

3.3.2.1.4.

Best Practices for RBAC Policies

3.3.2.1.4.1.

Principle of Least Privilege

3.3.2.1.4.1.1.

Minimal Permission Sets

3.3.2.1.4.1.2.

Regular Permission Reviews

3.3.2.1.4.1.3.

Permission Justification

3.3.2.1.4.2.

Regular Policy Audits

3.3.2.1.4.2.1.

Access Review Processes

3.3.2.1.4.2.2.

Unused Permission Cleanup

3.3.2.1.4.2.3.

Policy Effectiveness Assessment

3.3.2.2.

Attribute-Based Access Control

3.3.2.2.1.

Policy File Management

3.3.2.2.1.1.

Policy File Structure

3.3.2.2.1.2.

Policy File Security

3.3.2.2.1.3.

Policy File Updates

3.3.2.2.2.

Use Cases and Limitations

3.3.2.2.2.1.

ABAC vs RBAC Comparison

3.3.2.2.2.2.

Complex Authorization Scenarios

3.3.2.2.2.3.

Performance Considerations

3.3.2.3.

Node Authorization

3.3.2.3.1.

Node Identity Management

3.3.2.3.1.1.

Node Certificate Management

3.3.2.3.1.2.

Node Registration Process

3.3.2.3.1.3.

Node Identity Verification

3.3.2.3.2.

Node-specific Permissions

3.3.2.3.2.1.

Pod Management Permissions

3.3.2.3.2.2.

Secret Access Permissions

3.3.2.3.2.3.

ConfigMap Access Permissions

3.3.2.4.

Webhook Authorization

3.3.2.4.1.

Custom Authorization Logic

3.3.2.4.1.1.

Authorization Decision Implementation

3.3.2.4.1.2.

External System Integration

3.3.2.4.1.3.

Policy Engine Integration

3.3.2.4.2.

Webhook Endpoint Security

3.3.2.4.2.1.

Webhook Authentication

3.3.2.4.2.2.

Webhook TLS Configuration

3.3.2.4.2.3.

Webhook Performance Optimization

3.3.3.

Admission Control

3.3.3.1.

Understanding Admission Controllers

3.3.3.1.1.

Validating vs Mutating Controllers

3.3.3.1.1.1.

Validation Logic Implementation

3.3.3.1.1.2.

Mutation Logic Implementation

3.3.3.1.1.3.

Controller Interaction

3.3.3.1.2.

Admission Controller Lifecycle

3.3.3.1.2.1.

Controller Registration

3.3.3.1.2.2.

Controller Execution Order

3.3.3.1.2.3.

Controller Error Handling

3.3.3.2.

Enabling and Disabling Controllers

3.3.3.2.1.

Controller Configuration

3.3.3.2.1.1.

Built-in Controller Management

3.3.3.2.1.2.

Controller Parameter Configuration

3.3.3.2.1.3.

Controller Dependencies

3.3.3.2.2.

Controller Ordering

3.3.3.2.2.1.

Execution Sequence

3.3.3.2.2.2.

Priority Management

3.3.3.2.2.3.

Dependency Resolution

3.3.3.3.

Validating Admission Webhooks

3.3.3.3.1.

Webhook Registration

3.3.3.3.1.1.

ValidatingAdmissionWebhook Configuration

3.3.3.3.1.2.

Webhook Endpoint Registration

3.3.3.3.1.3.

Webhook Lifecycle Management

3.3.3.3.2.

Security of Webhook Endpoints

3.3.3.3.2.1.

Webhook Authentication

3.3.3.3.2.2.

Webhook Authorization

3.3.3.3.2.3.

Webhook TLS Configuration

3.3.3.4.

Mutating Admission Webhooks

3.3.3.4.1.

Mutation Use Cases

3.3.3.4.1.1.

Resource Modification Scenarios

3.3.3.4.1.2.

Security Enhancement Mutations

3.3.3.4.1.3.

Compliance Enforcement Mutations

3.3.3.4.2.

Security Considerations

3.3.3.4.2.1.

Mutation Validation

3.3.3.4.2.2.

Mutation Audit Logging

3.3.3.4.2.3.

Mutation Rollback Procedures

3.3.3.5.

Pod Security Standards

3.3.3.5.1.

Baseline Security Level

3.3.3.5.1.1.

Baseline Policy Requirements

3.3.3.5.1.2.

Baseline Compliance Checking

3.3.3.5.1.3.

Baseline Violation Handling

3.3.3.5.2.

Restricted Security Level

3.3.3.5.2.1.

Restricted Policy Requirements

3.3.3.5.2.2.

Restricted Compliance Checking

3.3.3.5.2.3.

Restricted Violation Handling

3.3.3.5.3.

Privileged Security Level

3.3.3.5.3.1.

Privileged Access Requirements

3.3.3.5.3.2.

Privileged Use Case Justification

3.3.3.5.3.3.

Privileged Access Monitoring

3.3.3.6.

Pod Security Admission

3.3.3.6.1.

3.3.3.6.1.1.

PSA Configuration

3.3.3.6.1.2.

Namespace-level PSA

3.3.3.6.1.3.

Cluster-level PSA

3.3.3.6.2.

Policy Enforcement Modes

3.3.3.6.2.1.

3.3.3.6.2.2.

3.3.3.6.2.3.

3.3.3.7.

PodSecurityPolicy Deprecation

3.3.3.7.1.

Migration Strategies

3.3.3.7.1.1.

PSP to PSS Migration

3.3.3.7.1.2.

Third-party Policy Engine Migration

3.3.3.7.1.3.

Custom Admission Controller Migration

3.3.3.7.2.

Alternatives to PSP

3.3.3.7.2.1.

Open Policy Agent Gatekeeper

3.3.3.7.2.2.

3.3.3.7.2.3.

3.4.

Kubernetes Network Security

3.4.1.

Network Policies

3.4.1.1.

Ingress and Egress Rules

3.4.1.1.1.

Defining Allowed Traffic

3.4.1.1.1.1.

Protocol-based Rules

3.4.1.1.1.2.

Port-based Rules

3.4.1.1.1.3.

3.4.1.1.2.

Policy Enforcement

3.4.1.1.2.1.

CNI Plugin Requirements

3.4.1.1.2.2.

Policy Validation

3.4.1.1.2.3.

Policy Troubleshooting

3.4.1.2.

3.4.1.2.1.

Label-based Selection

3.4.1.2.1.1.

Label Selector Syntax

3.4.1.2.1.2.

Dynamic Label Selection

3.4.1.2.1.3.

Label Management Best Practices

3.4.1.2.2.

Namespace-based Selection

3.4.1.2.2.1.

Namespace Selector Configuration

3.4.1.2.2.2.

Cross-namespace Communication

3.4.1.2.2.3.

Namespace Isolation Strategies

3.4.1.3.

Namespace Isolation

3.4.1.3.1.

Isolating Sensitive Workloads

3.4.1.3.1.1.

Multi-tenancy Isolation

3.4.1.3.1.2.

Environment Separation

3.4.1.3.1.3.

Compliance-driven Isolation

3.4.1.4.

Default Deny Policies

3.4.1.4.1.

Implementing Default Deny

3.4.1.4.1.1.

Cluster-wide Default Deny

3.4.1.4.1.2.

Namespace-level Default Deny

3.4.1.4.1.3.

Selective Default Deny

3.4.1.4.2.

Exceptions and Overrides

3.4.1.4.2.1.

Emergency Access Procedures

3.4.1.4.2.2.

Temporary Policy Overrides

3.4.1.4.2.3.

Exception Approval Processes

3.4.2.

Securing Cluster Networking

3.4.2.1.

Container Network Interface Security

3.4.2.1.1.

CNI Plugin Hardening

3.4.2.1.1.1.

Plugin Configuration Security

3.4.2.1.1.2.

Plugin Update Management

3.4.2.1.1.3.

Plugin Vulnerability Management

3.4.2.1.2.

CNI Configuration Management

3.4.2.1.2.1.

Configuration File Security

3.4.2.1.2.2.

Configuration Validation

3.4.2.1.2.3.

Configuration Change Control

3.4.2.2.

Encrypting Inter-Node Traffic

3.4.2.2.1.

WireGuard Implementation

3.4.2.2.1.1.

WireGuard Configuration

3.4.2.2.1.2.

Key Management for WireGuard

3.4.2.2.1.3.

WireGuard Performance Optimization

3.4.2.2.2.

IPsec Implementation

3.4.2.2.2.1.

IPsec Configuration

3.4.2.2.2.2.

IPsec Key Management

3.4.2.2.2.3.

IPsec Troubleshooting

3.4.2.2.3.

Key Management for Encryption

3.4.2.2.3.1.

Key Generation and Distribution

3.4.2.2.3.2.

Key Rotation Procedures

3.4.2.2.3.3.

Key Storage Security

3.4.2.3.

3.4.2.3.1.

Securing CoreDNS

3.4.2.3.1.1.

CoreDNS Configuration Hardening

3.4.2.3.1.2.

CoreDNS Plugin Security

3.4.2.3.1.3.

CoreDNS Access Controls

3.4.2.3.2.

Preventing DNS Spoofing

3.4.2.3.2.1.

DNS Response Validation

3.4.2.3.2.2.

DNS over TLS Configuration

3.4.2.3.2.3.

DNS Filtering and Blocking

3.4.3.

Service Mesh for Security

3.4.3.1.

Mutual TLS for Service-to-Service Encryption

3.4.3.1.1.

Certificate Management in Service Mesh

3.4.3.1.1.1.

Automatic Certificate Provisioning

3.4.3.1.1.2.

Certificate Rotation in Service Mesh

3.4.3.1.1.3.

Certificate Validation

3.4.3.2.

Fine-grained Access Policies

3.4.3.2.1.

Service-to-Service Authorization

3.4.3.2.1.1.

Identity-based Authorization

3.4.3.2.1.2.

Request-based Authorization

3.4.3.2.1.3.

Context-aware Authorization

3.4.3.3.

Traffic Monitoring and Auditing

3.4.3.3.1.

Service Mesh Telemetry

3.4.3.3.1.1.

Metrics Collection

3.4.3.3.1.2.

Distributed Tracing

3.4.3.3.1.3.

3.4.3.3.2.

Detecting Anomalous Traffic

3.4.3.3.2.1.

Traffic Pattern Analysis

3.4.3.3.2.2.

Anomaly Detection Algorithms

3.4.3.3.2.3.

Automated Response Mechanisms

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