Italian Language Grammar

Italian language grammar encompasses the structural rules and principles that govern the composition of clauses, phrases, and words in Italian. As a Romance language descended from Vulgar Latin, its grammar is characterized by a rich system of verb conjugations across various moods and tenses, the distinction between two grammatical genders (masculine and feminine) for nouns, and the requirement for adjectives and articles to agree in both gender and number with the nouns they modify. Key areas of study also include the complex use of articles, prepositions, and a nuanced system of pronouns, particularly clitic pronouns, mastery of which is essential for achieving fluency and accurately conveying meaning in both spoken and written Italian.

1. Fundamentals of Italian
   1. The Italian Alphabet
      1. Letters of the Alphabet
      2. Letters Not Native to Italian
         1. J (i lunga)
         2. K (cappa)
         3. W (doppia vu)
         4. X (ics)
         5. Y (ipsilon)
      3. Pronunciation of Each Letter
      4. Alphabetical Order
   2. Pronunciation and Phonetics
      1. Vowels
         1. Simple Vowels
            1. A (open central vowel)
            2. E (mid front vowel)
            3. I (close front vowel)
            4. O (mid back vowel)
            5. U (close back vowel)
         2. Open and Closed Vowels
            1. Open E
            2. Closed E
            3. Open O
            4. Closed O
         3. Diphthongs
            1. Rising Diphthongs
            2. Falling Diphthongs
         4. Triphthongs
      2. Consonants
         1. Single Consonants
         2. Hard and Soft Consonants
            1. Hard C and G
            2. Soft C and G
         3. Voiced and Voiceless Consonants
      3. Special Sounds and Digraphs
         1. C Combinations
            1. CA, CO, CU
            2. CE, CI
            3. CHE, CHI
         2. G Combinations
            1. GA, GO, GU
            2. GE, GI
            3. GHE, GHI
         3. SC Combinations
            1. SCA, SCO, SCU
            2. SCE, SCI
            3. SCHE, SCHI
         4. GN (palatal nasal)
         5. GLI (palatal lateral)
         6. Double Consonants
            1. Pronunciation Rules
            2. Meaning Distinctions
         7. H in Italian
            1. Silent H
            2. H for Hardening C and G
      4. Syllabification and Stress
         1. Rules for Syllable Division
         2. Primary Stress
         3. Secondary Stress
         4. Written Accents
            1. Acute Accent
            2. Grave Accent
            3. Circumflex Accent
         5. Stress Patterns in Polysyllabic Words
            1. Parole piane (penultimate stress)
            2. Parole sdrucciole (antepenultimate stress)
            3. Parole tronche (final stress)
   3. Basic Sentence Structure
      1. Subject-Verb-Object Order
      2. Word Order Flexibility
      3. Omission of Subject Pronoun
      4. Use of Emphatic Subject
      5. Simple Sentences
      6. Compound Sentences