Italian Language Grammar

1. Verbs
   1. Introduction to Verbs
      1. The Infinitive
         1. Present Infinitive Forms
         2. Past Infinitive Forms
      2. The Three Conjugations
         1. First Conjugation (-ARE)
         2. Second Conjugation (-ERE)
         3. Third Conjugation (-IRE)
         4. -ISC Verbs in Third Conjugation
      3. Subject Pronouns
         1. IO, TU, LUI/LEI, NOI, VOI, LORO
         2. Optional Usage in Italian
         3. Emphatic Usage
      4. Auxiliary Verbs
         1. ESSERE (to be)
            1. Conjugation Patterns
            2. Usage as Auxiliary
            3. Verbs Taking ESSERE
         2. AVERE (to have)
            1. Conjugation Patterns
            2. Usage as Auxiliary
            3. Verbs Taking AVERE
   2. The Indicative Mood
      1. Present Tense
         1. Regular Verb Conjugations
            1. -ARE Verbs
            2. -ERE Verbs
            3. -IRE Verbs
            4. -ISC Verbs
         2. Irregular Verbs
            1. ESSERE
            2. AVERE
            3. FARE
            4. DARE
            5. STARE
            6. ANDARE
            7. VENIRE
            8. Other Common Irregulars
         3. Usage of Present Tense
            1. Current Actions
            2. Habitual Actions
            3. Future Actions
      2. Past Tense: Passato Prossimo
         1. Formation Rules
            1. Auxiliary Selection
            2. Past Participle Formation
         2. Past Participle Agreement
            1. With ESSERE
            2. With Direct Object Pronouns
         3. Irregular Past Participles
         4. Usage in Context
            1. Completed Actions
            2. Recent Past
      3. Past Tense: Imperfect
         1. Formation Rules
            1. Regular Patterns
            2. Irregular Forms
         2. Usage Contexts
            1. Ongoing Past Actions
            2. Habitual Past Actions
            3. Descriptions
         3. Contrast with Passato Prossimo
      4. Past Tense: Past Perfect
         1. Formation with Imperfect Auxiliary
         2. Usage for Prior Past Actions
      5. Past Tense: Preterite
         1. Formation Rules
            1. Regular Patterns
            2. Irregular Forms
         2. Regional Usage Differences
         3. Literary and Formal Contexts
      6. Future Tense
         1. Formation Rules
            1. Regular Stems
            2. Irregular Stems
         2. Usage Contexts
            1. Future Actions
            2. Predictions
            3. Probability
      7. Future Perfect
         1. Formation with Future Auxiliary
         2. Usage for Future Prior Actions
   3. The Conditional Mood
      1. Present Conditional
         1. Formation Rules
         2. Usage Contexts
            1. Polite Requests
            2. Hypothetical Situations
            3. Reported Speech
      2. Past Conditional
         1. Formation with Conditional Auxiliary
         2. Usage Contexts
            1. Unfulfilled Past Conditions
            2. Regrets
            3. Reported Past Future
   4. The Subjunctive Mood
      1. When to Use Subjunctive
         1. Expressions of Doubt
         2. Expressions of Desire
         3. Expressions of Emotion
         4. Expressions of Necessity
         5. After Certain Conjunctions
      2. Present Subjunctive
         1. Regular Formation Rules
         2. Irregular Forms
         3. Usage in Dependent Clauses
      3. Past Subjunctive
         1. Formation with Present Subjunctive Auxiliary
         2. Usage for Past Actions in Subjunctive Context
      4. Imperfect Subjunctive
         1. Formation Rules
         2. Usage in Past Contexts
         3. Sequence of Tenses
      5. Pluperfect Subjunctive
         1. Formation with Imperfect Subjunctive Auxiliary
         2. Usage in Complex Past Contexts
   5. The Imperative Mood
      1. Formal Commands
         1. LEI Forms
         2. LORO Forms
      2. Informal Commands
         1. TU Forms
         2. NOI Forms
         3. VOI Forms
      3. Negative Imperative
         1. Formal Negative Commands
         2. Informal Negative Commands
      4. Imperative with Pronouns
         1. Pronoun Placement
         2. Combined Pronouns with Imperative
   6. Special Verb Categories
      1. Reflexive Verbs
         1. Formation with Reflexive Pronouns
         2. Common Reflexive Verbs
         3. Agreement in Compound Tenses
      2. Reciprocal Verbs
         1. Formation and Usage
         2. Distinction from Reflexive
      3. Impersonal Verbs
         1. Weather Verbs
         2. Verbs of Necessity
         3. Other Impersonal Constructions
   7. Non-Finite Verb Forms
      1. The Gerund
         1. Present Gerund Formation
         2. Past Gerund Formation
         3. Usage in Progressive Constructions
         4. Usage in Absolute Constructions
      2. The Participle
         1. Present Participle Formation
         2. Past Participle Formation
         3. Adjectival Usage
         4. Absolute Constructions
      3. The Infinitive
         1. Present Infinitive Usage
         2. Past Infinitive Usage
         3. After Modal Verbs
         4. After Prepositions