International Economics

3.

International Trade Policy

3.1.

Instruments of Trade Policy

3.1.1.

3.1.1.1.

Types of Tariffs

3.1.1.1.1.

Specific Tariffs

3.1.1.1.2.

Ad Valorem Tariffs

3.1.1.1.3.

Compound Tariffs

3.1.1.2.

Economic Effects of Tariffs

3.1.1.2.1.

Partial Equilibrium Analysis

3.1.1.2.2.

Consumer and Producer Surplus

3.1.1.2.3.

Deadweight Loss

3.1.1.2.4.

Government Revenue

3.1.1.3.

General Equilibrium Effects

3.1.1.4.

Optimal Tariff Theory

3.1.2.

Non-Tariff Barriers

3.1.2.1.

3.1.2.1.1.

Quota Administration

3.1.2.1.2.

Economic Effects

3.1.2.1.3.

3.1.2.2.

Voluntary Export Restraints

3.1.2.3.

Export Subsidies

3.1.2.3.1.

Domestic Market Effects

3.1.2.3.2.

International Market Effects

3.1.2.3.3.

WTO Rules on Subsidies

3.1.2.4.

Local Content Requirements

3.1.2.5.

Technical Barriers to Trade

3.1.2.5.1.

Product Standards

3.1.2.5.2.

Testing and Certification

3.1.2.5.3.

Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures

3.1.2.6.

Administrative Trade Policies

3.1.2.6.1.

Customs Procedures

3.1.2.6.2.

Anti-Dumping Duties

3.1.2.6.3.

Countervailing Duties

3.2.

Arguments for Trade Protection

3.2.1.

Infant Industry Argument

3.2.1.1.

Theoretical Basis

3.2.1.2.

Implementation Challenges

3.2.1.3.

Empirical Evidence

3.2.2.

National Security Argument

3.2.3.

Terms of Trade Argument

3.2.4.

Domestic Market Failure Arguments

3.2.4.1.

3.2.4.2.

Strategic Trade Policy

3.2.5.

Employment Protection Arguments

3.2.6.

Balance of Payments Arguments

3.3.

Political Economy of Trade Policy

3.3.1.

Interest Group Theory

3.3.1.1.

Collective Action Problems

3.3.1.2.

Lobbying and Rent-Seeking

3.3.2.

Median Voter Models

3.3.3.

Endogenous Trade Policy Models

3.3.4.

Political Support Functions

3.3.5.

Trade Policy and Electoral Cycles

3.4.

Multilateral Trading System

3.4.1.

World Trade Organization

3.4.1.1.

Institutional Structure

3.4.1.2.

Core Principles

3.4.1.2.1.

Most-Favored-Nation Treatment

3.4.1.2.2.

National Treatment

3.4.1.2.3.

3.4.1.2.4.

3.4.1.3.

Agreement Structure

3.4.1.3.1.

3.4.1.3.2.

Services (GATS)

3.4.1.3.3.

Intellectual Property (TRIPS)

3.4.1.4.

Dispute Settlement Mechanism

3.4.1.4.1.

Process and Procedures

3.4.1.4.2.

Enforcement Mechanisms

3.4.1.5.

Trade Negotiations and Rounds

3.4.2.

Regional Trade Agreements

3.4.2.1.

Types of Regional Integration

3.4.2.1.1.

Free Trade Areas

3.4.2.1.2.

3.4.2.1.3.

3.4.2.1.4.

Economic Unions

3.4.2.2.

Trade Creation and Trade Diversion

3.4.2.3.

Rules of Origin

3.4.2.4.

Major Regional Agreements

3.4.2.4.1.

3.4.2.4.2.

3.4.2.4.3.

3.4.2.4.4.

3.4.3.

Preferential Trade Agreements

3.4.3.1.

Bilateral Trade Agreements

3.4.3.2.

Generalized System of Preferences

3.4.3.3.

Everything But Arms Initiatives

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2. International Trade Theory

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4. Foreign Exchange Markets and Exchange Rates