Hydrogeology

7.

Governing Equations of Groundwater Flow

7.1.

Fundamental Principles

7.1.1.

Conservation of Mass

7.1.2.

Conservation of Energy

7.1.3.

Conservation of Momentum

7.2.

The Continuity Equation

7.2.1.

Mass Conservation Principles

7.2.2.

Mathematical Derivation

7.2.3.

Application to Groundwater Systems

7.3.

General Flow Equation

7.3.1.

Derivation Process

7.3.2.

Assumptions and Simplifications

7.3.3.

Three-Dimensional Form

7.3.4.

Two-Dimensional Forms

7.4.

Steady-State Flow Equations

7.4.1.

The Laplace Equation

7.4.2.

Mathematical Formulation

7.4.3.

Boundary Conditions

7.4.4.

Analytical Solutions

7.5.

Transient Flow Equations

7.5.1.

The Diffusion Equation

7.5.2.

7.5.3.

Time-Dependence

7.5.4.

Initial Conditions

7.6.

7.6.1.

Confined Aquifer Flow

7.6.2.

Unconfined Aquifer Flow

7.6.3.

Leaky Aquifer Flow

7.7.

Anisotropy and Heterogeneity

7.7.1.

Definitions and Types

7.7.2.

Anisotropic Flow Equations

7.7.3.

Heterogeneous Media

7.7.4.

Effects on Flow Patterns

7.7.5.

Mathematical Representation

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6. Groundwater Flow Patterns

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8. Groundwater and Surface Water Interaction