Horticulture

Horticulture is the branch of agriculture concerned with the art, science, technology, and business of plant cultivation. As a key applied science, it involves the intensive management of plants—including fruits, vegetables, nuts, herbs, flowers, and ornamental trees and turf—for human food, medicinal purposes, and aesthetic enjoyment. Unlike agronomy, which focuses on large-scale field crops, horticulture applies principles from botany, soil science, and genetics to smaller-scale, high-value production in environments such as gardens, orchards, greenhouses, and nurseries.

1. Introduction to Horticulture
   1. Defining Horticulture
      1. Art and Science of Plant Cultivation
      2. Scope and Disciplines of Horticulture
         1. Pomology
         2. Olericulture
         3. Floriculture
         4. Landscape Horticulture
         5. Nursery Management
         6. Turfgrass Management
         7. Arboriculture
         8. Postharvest Physiology
   2. Distinction from Other Plant Sciences
      1. Horticulture vs. Agronomy
         1. Crop Types and Scale
         2. Management Practices
      2. Horticulture vs. Botany
         1. Applied vs. Pure Science
         2. Focus on Cultivation and Use
      3. Horticulture vs. Forestry
         1. Woody Plants vs. Forest Ecosystems
         2. Production Goals
   3. History of Horticulture
      1. Ancient Origins
         1. Early Domestication of Plants
         2. Ancient Civilizations and Gardens
      2. Medieval and Renaissance Gardens
         1. Monastic Gardens
         2. Castle Gardens
         3. Renaissance Garden Design
      3. Age of Exploration and Plant Introduction
         1. Global Exchange of Crops
         2. Botanical Gardens and Plant Collecting
      4. Modern Horticulture
         1. Scientific Advancements
         2. Mechanization and Technology
         3. Urban and Community Horticulture
   4. Importance of Horticulture
      1. Food Production and Nutrition
         1. Fruits and Vegetables in Diet
         2. Nutritional Value
      2. Economic Impact
         1. Commercial Production
         2. Employment and Agribusiness
      3. Environmental and Ecological Benefits
         1. Biodiversity Conservation
         2. Urban Greening and Ecosystem Services
      4. Aesthetic and Recreational Value
         1. Public and Private Gardens
         2. Therapeutic and Social Benefits