Horticulture

4.

Horticultural Practices and Techniques

4.1.

Plant Propagation

4.1.1.

Sexual Propagation

4.1.1.1.

Seed Selection and Sourcing

4.1.1.2.

Seed Dormancy and Breaking Methods

4.1.1.3.

Seed Germination Requirements

4.1.1.4.

Seed Sowing Techniques

4.1.1.5.

Seedling Care and Transplanting

4.1.2.

Asexual Propagation

4.1.2.1.

4.1.2.1.1.

4.1.2.1.2.

4.1.2.1.3.

4.1.2.1.4.

Preparation and Rooting Media

4.1.2.2.

Grafting and Budding

4.1.2.2.1.

Types of Grafts

4.1.2.2.2.

Budding Techniques

4.1.2.2.3.

Rootstock and Scion Selection

4.1.2.3.

4.1.2.3.1.

Simple Layering

4.1.2.3.2.

4.1.2.4.

4.1.2.4.1.

Herbaceous Perennials

4.1.2.4.2.

Bulbs and Rhizomes

4.1.2.5.

4.1.2.5.1.

Sterile Techniques

4.1.2.5.2.

Media Preparation

4.1.2.5.3.

Stages of Micropropagation

4.2.

Planting and Garden Establishment

4.2.1.

Site Selection and Assessment

4.2.1.1.

4.2.1.2.

Sunlight and Drainage Evaluation

4.2.2.

Soil Preparation and Amendment

4.2.2.1.

Tillage and Cultivation

4.2.2.2.

Organic Amendments

4.2.2.3.

Inorganic Amendments

4.2.3.

Planting Techniques

4.2.3.1.

Bare Root Planting

4.2.3.2.

Container-Grown Planting

4.2.3.3.

Balled-and-Burlapped Planting

4.2.3.4.

Plant Spacing and Depth

4.2.4.

4.2.4.1.

Timing and Methods

4.2.4.2.

Transplant Shock Prevention

4.3.

Water Management

4.3.1.

Principles of Irrigation

4.3.1.1.

Water Requirements of Plants

4.3.1.2.

Scheduling and Frequency

4.3.2.

Irrigation Systems

4.3.2.1.

Drip Irrigation

4.3.2.2.

Sprinkler Systems

4.3.2.3.

Furrow Irrigation

4.3.2.4.

4.3.2.5.

System Maintenance

4.3.3.

Watering Schedules and Techniques

4.3.3.1.

Morning vs. Evening Watering

4.3.3.2.

Deep vs. Shallow Watering

4.3.4.

Drainage Management

4.3.4.1.

Surface Drainage

4.3.4.2.

Subsurface Drainage

4.3.4.3.

Raised Beds and Slope Management

4.4.

Plant Nutrition Management

4.4.1.

Essential Nutrients

4.4.1.1.

4.4.1.1.1.

4.4.1.1.2.

4.4.1.1.3.

4.4.1.1.4.

4.4.1.1.5.

4.4.1.1.6.

4.4.1.2.

4.4.1.2.1.

4.4.1.2.2.

4.4.1.2.3.

4.4.1.2.4.

4.4.1.2.5.

4.4.1.2.6.

4.4.1.2.7.

4.4.1.2.8.

4.4.2.

Nutrient Deficiency and Toxicity Symptoms

4.4.2.1.

Visual Diagnosis

4.4.2.2.

Corrective Actions

4.4.3.

4.4.3.1.

Organic Fertilizers

4.4.3.2.

Synthetic Fertilizers

4.4.3.3.

Slow-Release Fertilizers

4.4.3.4.

Liquid Fertilizers

4.4.4.

Application Methods

4.4.4.1.

4.4.4.2.

4.4.4.3.

4.4.4.4.

4.4.5.

Composting and Green Manures

4.4.5.1.

Composting Process

4.4.5.2.

Types of Green Manures

4.4.5.3.

Benefits to Soil Health

4.5.

Pruning and Training

4.5.1.

Principles of Pruning

4.5.1.1.

Timing and Objectives

4.5.1.2.

Pruning Cuts and Wound Healing

4.5.2.

Pruning Tools and Techniques

4.5.2.1.

Tool Selection and Maintenance

4.5.2.2.

Safety Practices

4.5.3.

Reasons for Pruning

4.5.3.1.

Health and Disease Control

4.5.3.2.

Structural Training

4.5.3.3.

Size and Shape Control

4.5.3.4.

Fruit and Flower Production

4.5.4.

Training Systems

4.5.4.1.

4.5.4.2.

4.5.4.3.

Stakes and Cages

4.5.4.4.

Support Structures for Vines

4.6.

Pest and Disease Management

4.6.1.

Integrated Pest Management

4.6.1.1.

Monitoring and Thresholds

4.6.1.2.

Prevention Strategies

4.6.2.

Identification of Common Pests

4.6.2.1.

4.6.2.1.1.

4.6.2.1.2.

4.6.2.1.3.

4.6.2.2.

4.6.2.2.1.

4.6.2.3.

4.6.2.3.1.

Root-Knot Nematodes

4.6.2.3.2.

4.6.2.4.

4.6.2.4.1.

4.6.2.4.2.

4.6.3.

Identification of Common Diseases

4.6.3.1.

Fungal Diseases

4.6.3.1.1.

4.6.3.1.2.

4.6.3.2.

Bacterial Diseases

4.6.3.2.1.

4.6.3.2.2.

4.6.3.3.

4.6.3.3.1.

4.6.4.

Control Methods

4.6.4.1.

Cultural Controls

4.6.4.1.1.

4.6.4.1.2.

4.6.4.2.

Biological Controls

4.6.4.2.1.

4.6.4.2.2.

4.6.4.3.

Mechanical Controls

4.6.4.3.1.

4.6.4.3.2.

4.6.4.4.

Chemical Controls

4.6.4.4.1.

4.6.4.4.2.

4.6.4.4.3.

Application Safety and Regulations

4.7.

Weed Management

4.7.1.

Weed Identification

4.7.1.1.

4.7.1.2.

4.7.1.3.

Perennial Weeds

4.7.1.4.

Invasive Species

4.7.2.

Weed Competition

4.7.2.1.

Effects on Crop Yield

4.7.2.2.

4.7.3.

Control Methods

4.7.3.1.

4.7.3.2.

4.7.3.3.

Cultivation and Tillage

4.7.3.4.

4.7.3.4.1.

Pre-emergent Herbicides

4.7.3.4.2.

Post-emergent Herbicides

4.7.3.5.

Integrated Weed Management

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5. Branches of Horticulture