Geographic Information Systems (GIS)

  1. Data Acquisition and Management
    1. Sources of Geospatial Data
      1. Primary Data Capture
        1. Field Surveys
          1. GPS and GNSS Systems
            1. Survey Equipment
              1. Data Collection Protocols
                1. Accuracy Standards
                2. Remote Sensing
                  1. Satellite Imagery
                    1. Optical Sensors
                      1. Radar Sensors
                        1. Hyperspectral Sensors
                        2. Aerial Photography
                          1. Traditional Film Photography
                            1. Digital Aerial Photography
                              1. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
                            2. LiDAR
                              1. Airborne LiDAR
                                1. Terrestrial LiDAR
                                  1. Bathymetric LiDAR
                                    1. Point Cloud Processing
                                    2. Photogrammetry
                                      1. Stereo Photogrammetry
                                        1. Digital Photogrammetry
                                          1. Structure from Motion
                                        2. Secondary Data Capture
                                          1. Digitizing
                                            1. Manual Digitizing
                                              1. Heads-Up Digitizing
                                                1. Tablet Digitizing
                                                2. Scanning and Vectorization
                                                  1. Raster to Vector Conversion
                                                    1. Automatic Vectorization
                                                      1. Quality Control
                                                      2. Geocoding
                                                        1. Address Matching
                                                          1. Reference Data Requirements
                                                            1. Geocoding Accuracy
                                                          2. Existing Data Sources
                                                            1. Government Data Portals
                                                              1. Commercial Data Providers
                                                                1. Open Data Initiatives
                                                                  1. Crowdsourced Data
                                                                2. Data Quality and Metadata
                                                                  1. Accuracy and Precision
                                                                    1. Positional Accuracy
                                                                      1. Horizontal Accuracy
                                                                        1. Vertical Accuracy
                                                                        2. Attribute Accuracy
                                                                          1. Classification Accuracy
                                                                            1. Measurement Accuracy
                                                                          2. Lineage
                                                                            1. Data Source Documentation
                                                                              1. Processing History
                                                                                1. Transformation Records
                                                                                2. Completeness
                                                                                  1. Data Gaps and Omissions
                                                                                    1. Coverage Assessment
                                                                                    2. Logical Consistency
                                                                                      1. Topological Consistency
                                                                                        1. Attribute Consistency
                                                                                          1. Format Consistency
                                                                                          2. Temporal Accuracy
                                                                                            1. Currency
                                                                                              1. Temporal Validity
                                                                                              2. Metadata Standards
                                                                                                1. FGDC Content Standard
                                                                                                  1. ISO 19115 Standard
                                                                                                    1. Dublin Core
                                                                                                  2. Geospatial Database Management
                                                                                                    1. Database Models
                                                                                                      1. Flat File Systems
                                                                                                        1. Relational Database Model
                                                                                                          1. Object-Oriented Database Model
                                                                                                            1. Object-Relational Model
                                                                                                            2. Geodatabases
                                                                                                              1. Structure and Components
                                                                                                                1. Feature Datasets
                                                                                                                  1. Feature Classes
                                                                                                                    1. Raster Datasets
                                                                                                                      1. Tables
                                                                                                                      2. Domains and Subtypes
                                                                                                                        1. Coded Value Domains
                                                                                                                          1. Range Domains
                                                                                                                            1. Data Validation Rules
                                                                                                                            2. Relationship Classes
                                                                                                                              1. Simple Relationships
                                                                                                                                1. Composite Relationships
                                                                                                                                  1. Attributed Relationships
                                                                                                                                2. Data Storage and Retrieval
                                                                                                                                  1. Spatial Indexing
                                                                                                                                    1. R-Tree Indexing
                                                                                                                                      1. Grid Indexing
                                                                                                                                      2. Query Optimization
                                                                                                                                        1. Database Performance
                                                                                                                                          1. Backup and Recovery Strategies
                                                                                                                                          2. Multi-User Environments
                                                                                                                                            1. Versioning
                                                                                                                                              1. Conflict Resolution
                                                                                                                                                1. User Permissions

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                                                                                                                                            3. GIS Data Models

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                                                                                                                                            5. Spatial Analysis