Geographic Information Systems (GIS)

2.

Fundamental Geographic and Cartographic Concepts

2.1.

Geographic Phenomena

2.1.1.

Discrete Objects

2.1.1.1.

Definition and Characteristics

2.1.1.2.

Examples in Real World

2.1.1.3.

Representation in GIS

2.1.2.

Continuous Fields

2.1.2.1.

Definition and Characteristics

2.1.2.2.

Examples in Real World

2.1.2.3.

Representation in GIS

2.2.

Spatial Relationships and Topology

2.2.1.

2.2.1.1.

Definition and Examples

2.2.1.2.

Boundary Relationships

2.2.2.

2.2.2.1.

Network Connectivity

2.2.2.2.

Linear Connections

2.2.3.

2.2.3.1.

Nested Features

2.2.3.2.

Hierarchical Relationships

2.2.4.

2.2.4.1.

Overlapping Features

2.2.4.2.

Spatial Overlap Analysis

2.2.5.

Topological Rules and Errors

2.2.5.1.

Common Topological Rules

2.2.5.2.

Error Detection Methods

2.2.5.3.

Error Correction Techniques

2.3.

2.3.1.

Large Scale vs. Small Scale

2.3.1.1.

Definitions and Implications

2.3.1.2.

Examples of Each

2.3.1.3.

Scale Selection Criteria

2.3.2.

Representative Fraction

2.3.2.1.

Calculating Scale

2.3.2.2.

Scale Conversion

2.3.2.3.

2.3.3.

Scale Effects on Data Representation

2.3.3.1.

2.3.3.2.

Level of Detail

2.4.

Georeferencing and Coordinate Systems

2.4.1.

Geographic Coordinate Systems

2.4.1.1.

Latitude and Longitude

2.4.1.1.1.

Measurement Units

2.4.1.1.2.

Degrees Minutes Seconds

2.4.1.1.3.

Decimal Degrees

2.4.1.2.

2.4.1.2.1.

2.4.1.2.2.

2.4.2.

Geodetic Datums

2.4.2.1.

Definition and Importance

2.4.2.2.

Horizontal Datums

2.4.2.2.1.

2.4.2.2.2.

2.4.2.2.3.

2.4.2.3.

Vertical Datums

2.4.2.3.1.

2.4.2.3.2.

2.4.2.3.3.

2.4.3.

Map Projections

2.4.3.1.

The Challenge of Representing a Sphere on a Flat Surface

2.4.3.1.1.

Types of Distortion

2.4.3.1.2.

Distortion Patterns

2.4.3.1.3.

Selection Criteria

2.4.3.2.

Projection Families

2.4.3.2.1.

Cylindrical Projections

2.4.3.2.1.1.

2.4.3.2.1.2.

Transverse Mercator

2.4.3.2.1.3.

Miller Cylindrical

2.4.3.2.2.

Conic Projections

2.4.3.2.2.1.

Albers Equal Area

2.4.3.2.2.2.

Lambert Conformal Conic

2.4.3.2.2.3.

Equidistant Conic

2.4.3.2.3.

Planar Projections

2.4.3.2.3.1.

2.4.3.2.3.2.

2.4.3.2.3.3.

Azimuthal Equidistant

2.4.3.3.

Projection Properties

2.4.3.3.1.

Conformal Properties

2.4.3.3.2.

Equal-Area Properties

2.4.3.3.3.

Equidistant Properties

2.4.3.3.4.

Azimuthal Properties

2.4.3.4.

Choosing Appropriate Projections

2.4.3.4.1.

Geographic Extent Considerations

2.4.3.4.2.

Purpose-Based Selection

2.4.4.

Projected Coordinate Systems

2.4.4.1.

Universal Transverse Mercator

2.4.4.1.1.

2.4.4.1.2.

2.4.4.1.3.

False Easting and Northing

2.4.4.2.

State Plane Coordinate System

2.4.4.2.1.

Zone Definitions

2.4.4.2.2.

SPCS83 vs SPCS27

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1. Introduction to Geographic Information Systems

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3. GIS Data Models