Geochemistry

  1. Low-Temperature Geochemistry: The Earth's Surface
    1. Aqueous Geochemistry
      1. Properties of Water as a Solvent
        1. Polarity and Hydrogen Bonding
          1. Solubility of Ions and Molecules
            1. Dielectric Constant
            2. Acidity and Alkalinity
              1. pH Scale and Measurement
                1. Buffer Systems in Natural Waters
                  1. Carbonate Buffering
                  2. Redox Chemistry
                    1. Redox Reactions in Natural Waters
                      1. Eh-pH Diagrams
                        1. Construction and Interpretation
                          1. Stability Fields
                          2. pe-pH Diagrams
                          3. Mineral Dissolution and Precipitation Kinetics
                            1. Dissolution Mechanisms
                              1. Precipitation Mechanisms
                                1. Rate Laws for Dissolution and Precipitation
                                  1. Surface Area Effects
                                  2. Complexation in Natural Waters
                                    1. Formation of Complex Ions
                                      1. Stability Constants
                                        1. Organic Ligands
                                        2. Chemical Speciation Modeling
                                          1. Speciation Software and Tools
                                            1. Applications in Environmental Geochemistry
                                              1. Thermodynamic Databases
                                            2. Weathering and Soil Formation
                                              1. Chemical Weathering Reactions
                                                1. Hydrolysis
                                                  1. Oxidation
                                                    1. Carbonation
                                                      1. Hydration
                                                        1. Solution
                                                        2. Physical Weathering Processes
                                                          1. Mechanical Breakdown of Rocks
                                                            1. Role of Climate and Organisms
                                                              1. Freeze-Thaw Cycles
                                                              2. Formation of Clays and Secondary Minerals
                                                                1. Clay Mineral Types
                                                                  1. Kaolinite
                                                                    1. Smectite
                                                                      1. Illite
                                                                        1. Chlorite
                                                                        2. Transformation Pathways
                                                                          1. Weathering Sequences
                                                                          2. Soil Geochemistry and Nutrient Cycling
                                                                            1. Soil Horizons and Profiles
                                                                              1. Elemental Cycling in Soils
                                                                                1. Soil Fertility and Limiting Nutrients
                                                                                  1. Cation Exchange Capacity
                                                                                2. Geochemistry of Rivers, Lakes, and Groundwater
                                                                                  1. Major Ion Chemistry
                                                                                    1. Sources of Major Ions
                                                                                      1. Ionic Ratios and Water Typing
                                                                                        1. Piper Diagrams
                                                                                        2. Controls on Water Composition
                                                                                          1. Lithology and Weathering
                                                                                            1. Atmospheric Inputs
                                                                                              1. Biological Activity
                                                                                                1. Evaporation Effects
                                                                                                2. Water-Rock Interaction
                                                                                                  1. Dissolution and Precipitation Reactions
                                                                                                    1. Ion Exchange Processes
                                                                                                      1. Saturation Indices
                                                                                                    2. Ocean Geochemistry
                                                                                                      1. Composition of Seawater
                                                                                                        1. Major and Minor Elements
                                                                                                          1. Trace Elements
                                                                                                            1. Dissolved Gases
                                                                                                            2. Conservative vs. Non-conservative Elements
                                                                                                              1. Definition and Examples
                                                                                                                1. Residence Times in the Ocean
                                                                                                                  1. Mixing Behavior
                                                                                                                  2. Salinity and its Controls
                                                                                                                    1. Sources and Sinks of Salinity
                                                                                                                      1. Global Salinity Patterns
                                                                                                                        1. Evaporation-Precipitation Balance
                                                                                                                        2. The Marine Carbonate System
                                                                                                                          1. Carbonate Equilibria
                                                                                                                            1. Ocean Acidification
                                                                                                                              1. Calcium Carbonate Saturation
                                                                                                                              2. Geochemistry of Marine Sediments
                                                                                                                                1. Sediment Types and Sources
                                                                                                                                  1. Diagenetic Processes
                                                                                                                                    1. Pore Water Chemistry
                                                                                                                                    2. Hydrothermal Vents and Black Smokers
                                                                                                                                      1. Geochemical Processes at Vents
                                                                                                                                        1. Metal and Sulfide Deposition
                                                                                                                                          1. Vent Fluid Chemistry
                                                                                                                                        2. Atmospheric Geochemistry
                                                                                                                                          1. Composition of the Atmosphere
                                                                                                                                            1. Major Gases
                                                                                                                                              1. Trace Gases
                                                                                                                                                1. Greenhouse Gases
                                                                                                                                                2. Geochemical Cycles of Atmospheric Gases
                                                                                                                                                  1. Oxygen Cycle
                                                                                                                                                    1. Nitrogen Cycle
                                                                                                                                                      1. Carbon Dioxide Cycle
                                                                                                                                                        1. Methane Cycle
                                                                                                                                                        2. Aerosols and Particulates
                                                                                                                                                          1. Sources and Types
                                                                                                                                                            1. Geochemical Impacts
                                                                                                                                                              1. Cloud Condensation Nuclei
                                                                                                                                                              2. Atmospheric Photochemistry
                                                                                                                                                                1. Photochemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Ozone Formation and Depletion
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Hydroxyl Radical Chemistry

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                                                                                                                                                                4. High-Temperature Geochemistry: The Solid Earth

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                                                                                                                                                                6. Isotope Geochemistry