Geochemistry

4.

High-Temperature Geochemistry: The Solid Earth

4.1.

Geochemistry of the Mantle

4.1.1.

Composition and Mineralogy of the Upper Mantle

4.1.1.1.

4.1.1.1.1.

4.1.1.1.2.

4.1.1.1.3.

4.1.1.1.4.

4.1.1.2.

Geochemical Characteristics

4.1.1.3.

Xenolith Studies

4.1.2.

Composition and Mineralogy of the Lower Mantle

4.1.2.1.

4.1.2.1.1.

4.1.2.1.2.

4.1.2.1.3.

Post-Perovskite

4.1.2.2.

Geochemical Characteristics

4.1.2.3.

High-Pressure Experiments

4.1.3.

Mantle Melting and Melt Extraction

4.1.3.1.

Partial Melting Mechanisms

4.1.3.2.

Melt Segregation and Migration

4.1.3.3.

Degree of Melting Effects

4.1.4.

Mantle Heterogeneity and Convection

4.1.4.1.

Evidence for Mantle Heterogeneity

4.1.4.2.

Mantle Plumes and Convection Patterns

4.1.4.3.

Isotopic Domains

4.2.

Igneous Geochemistry

4.2.1.

Magma Generation

4.2.1.1.

Partial Melting Processes

4.2.1.1.1.

4.2.1.1.2.

Fractional Melting

4.2.1.1.3.

Dynamic Melting

4.2.1.2.

Source Rock Compositions

4.2.1.2.1.

Peridotite Sources

4.2.1.2.2.

Eclogite Sources

4.2.1.2.3.

Pyroxenite Sources

4.2.1.3.

Melting Conditions

4.2.1.3.1.

Pressure Effects

4.2.1.3.2.

Temperature Effects

4.2.1.3.3.

Volatile Effects

4.2.2.

Magmatic Differentiation Processes

4.2.2.1.

Fractional Crystallization

4.2.2.1.1.

Crystal Settling and Removal

4.2.2.1.2.

Rayleigh Fractionation

4.2.2.2.

4.2.2.2.1.

Mechanisms and Evidence

4.2.2.2.2.

4.2.2.3.

4.2.2.3.1.

Crustal Contamination

4.2.2.3.2.

4.2.2.4.

Liquid Immiscibility

4.2.2.4.1.

Phase Separation in Magmas

4.2.2.4.2.

Sulfide Immiscibility

4.2.3.

Trace Element Systematics in Igneous Rocks

4.2.3.1.

Rare Earth Elements

4.2.3.1.1.

REE Patterns and Anomalies

4.2.3.1.2.

REE Partitioning

4.2.3.1.3.

Chondrite Normalization

4.2.3.2.

High Field Strength Elements

4.2.3.2.1.

Geochemical Behavior

4.2.3.2.2.

4.2.3.3.

Large Ion Lithophile Elements

4.2.3.3.1.

Geochemical Behavior

4.2.3.3.2.

4.2.4.

Geochemistry of Major Igneous Rock Series

4.2.4.1.

Tholeiitic Series

4.2.4.1.1.

Characteristics and Tectonic Settings

4.2.4.1.2.

Iron Enrichment Trends

4.2.4.2.

Calc-Alkaline Series

4.2.4.2.1.

Characteristics and Tectonic Settings

4.2.4.2.2.

Silica Enrichment Trends

4.2.4.3.

Alkaline Series

4.2.4.3.1.

Characteristics and Tectonic Settings

4.2.4.3.2.

Alkali Enrichment

4.2.5.

Tectonic Setting and Magma Geochemistry

4.2.5.1.

Mid-Ocean Ridges

4.2.5.1.1.

MORB Geochemical Features

4.2.5.1.2.

Mantle Source Characteristics

4.2.5.1.3.

Spreading Rate Effects

4.2.5.2.

4.2.5.2.1.

OIB Geochemical Features

4.2.5.2.2.

Mantle Plume Signatures

4.2.5.2.3.

4.2.5.3.

Subduction Zones

4.2.5.3.1.

Island Arc Volcanism

4.2.5.3.2.

Continental Arc Volcanism

4.2.5.3.3.

Fluid and Melt Contributions

4.2.5.3.4.

Trace Element Signatures

4.2.5.4.

Continental Rifts

4.2.5.4.1.

Geochemical Features

4.2.5.4.2.

Source Heterogeneity

4.2.5.4.3.

Lithospheric Contamination

4.3.

Metamorphic Geochemistry

4.3.1.

Chemical Reactions during Metamorphism

4.3.1.1.

Prograde and Retrograde Reactions

4.3.1.2.

Devolatilization and Decarbonation

4.3.1.3.

Mineral Stability Fields

4.3.2.

Metamorphic Fluids and Mass Transport

4.3.2.1.

Fluid Sources and Composition

4.3.2.2.

Role in Element Mobility

4.3.2.3.

Fluid-Rock Ratios

4.3.3.

Isochemical vs. Metasomatic Processes

4.3.3.1.

Isochemical Metamorphism

4.3.3.2.

Metasomatism and Element Exchange

4.3.3.3.

4.3.4.

Geochemical Tracers of Protoliths

4.3.4.1.

Elemental and Isotopic Signatures

4.3.4.2.

Provenance Indicators

4.3.4.3.

Immobile Element Ratios

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5. Low-Temperature Geochemistry: The Earth's Surface