Geochemistry

  1. Fundamental Principles
    1. Chemical Thermodynamics in Geological Systems
      1. Laws of Thermodynamics
        1. First Law of Thermodynamics
          1. Second Law of Thermodynamics
            1. Third Law of Thermodynamics
            2. Gibbs Free Energy and Spontaneity
              1. Definition of Gibbs Free Energy
                1. Criteria for Spontaneity
                  1. Standard State and Reference Conditions
                    1. Temperature and Pressure Dependence
                    2. Enthalpy and Entropy
                      1. Definition of Enthalpy
                        1. Definition of Entropy
                          1. Enthalpy and Entropy Changes in Reactions
                            1. Heat Capacity Effects
                            2. Chemical Equilibrium
                              1. Law of Mass Action
                                1. Equilibrium Constants
                                  1. Le Chatelier's Principle
                                    1. Temperature Dependence of Equilibrium
                                    2. Phase Diagrams and Phase Rule
                                      1. Types of Phase Diagrams
                                        1. Unary Systems
                                          1. Binary Systems
                                            1. Ternary Systems
                                            2. Gibbs Phase Rule
                                              1. Applications in Geology
                                              2. Activity-Composition Relationships
                                                1. Activity vs. Concentration
                                                  1. Activity Coefficients
                                                    1. Non-ideal Solutions
                                                      1. Mixing Models
                                                      2. Geothermometry and Geobarometry
                                                        1. Principles of Geothermometry
                                                          1. Principles of Geobarometry
                                                            1. Common Geothermometers and Geobarometers
                                                              1. Calibration and Uncertainties
                                                            2. Chemical Kinetics in Geology
                                                              1. Reaction Rates and Mechanisms
                                                                1. Rate Laws
                                                                  1. Reaction Order
                                                                    1. Mechanisms of Geochemical Reactions
                                                                      1. Elementary vs. Complex Reactions
                                                                      2. Activation Energy
                                                                        1. Arrhenius Equation
                                                                          1. Temperature Dependence of Reaction Rates
                                                                            1. Catalysis in Geological Systems
                                                                            2. Diffusion in Solids and Liquids
                                                                              1. Fick's Laws of Diffusion
                                                                                1. Diffusion Coefficients
                                                                                  1. Role of Diffusion in Geochemical Processes
                                                                                    1. Closure Temperature Concept
                                                                                    2. Residence Time
                                                                                      1. Definition and Calculation
                                                                                        1. Significance in Geochemical Cycles
                                                                                          1. Box Models
                                                                                        2. Crystal Chemistry
                                                                                          1. Atomic Structure and Chemical Bonding
                                                                                            1. Atomic Structure
                                                                                              1. Types of Chemical Bonds
                                                                                                1. Ionic Bonds
                                                                                                  1. Covalent Bonds
                                                                                                    1. Metallic Bonds
                                                                                                      1. Van der Waals Forces
                                                                                                      2. Bond Strength and Length
                                                                                                      3. Pauling's Rules
                                                                                                        1. Rule 1: Coordination Principle
                                                                                                          1. Rule 2: Electrostatic Valency Principle
                                                                                                            1. Rule 3: Sharing of Polyhedral Elements
                                                                                                              1. Rule 4: Crystals with Different Cations
                                                                                                                1. Rule 5: Principle of Parsimony
                                                                                                                2. Ionic Radii and Coordination
                                                                                                                  1. Coordination Number
                                                                                                                    1. Effects on Mineral Structure
                                                                                                                      1. Radius Ratio Rules
                                                                                                                      2. Isomorphism and Polymorphism
                                                                                                                        1. Definition of Isomorphism
                                                                                                                          1. Definition of Polymorphism
                                                                                                                            1. Examples in Minerals
                                                                                                                              1. Structural Controls
                                                                                                                              2. Solid Solution
                                                                                                                                1. Types of Solid Solutions
                                                                                                                                  1. Substitutional Solid Solution
                                                                                                                                    1. Interstitial Solid Solution
                                                                                                                                    2. Factors Affecting Solid Solution
                                                                                                                                      1. Solvus and Miscibility Gaps
                                                                                                                                    3. Distribution and Abundance of Elements
                                                                                                                                      1. Goldschmidt's Classification of Elements
                                                                                                                                        1. Lithophile Elements
                                                                                                                                          1. Siderophile Elements
                                                                                                                                            1. Chalcophile Elements
                                                                                                                                              1. Atmophile Elements
                                                                                                                                              2. Geochemical Partitioning
                                                                                                                                                1. Partitioning between Phases
                                                                                                                                                  1. Partitioning in Magmatic Systems
                                                                                                                                                    1. Crystal-Melt Partitioning
                                                                                                                                                    2. Partition Coefficients
                                                                                                                                                      1. Definition and Calculation
                                                                                                                                                        1. Applications in Geochemistry
                                                                                                                                                          1. Factors Controlling Partitioning
                                                                                                                                                          2. Incompatible vs. Compatible Elements
                                                                                                                                                            1. Definition of Incompatible Elements
                                                                                                                                                              1. Definition of Compatible Elements
                                                                                                                                                                1. Significance in Petrogenesis
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Trace Element Modeling

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                                                                                                                                                              1. Introduction to Geochemistry

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                                                                                                                                                              3. Cosmochemistry and Planetary Formation