Geoarchaeology

Geoarchaeology is an interdisciplinary field that applies the concepts and methods of geology, geomorphology, and other earth sciences to archaeological research. By analyzing the sediments, soils, and landforms on and around archaeological sites, practitioners aim to reconstruct past landscapes and understand the site formation processes—such as erosion, sediment deposition, and soil development—that have created, buried, and altered the archaeological record over time. This geological context is crucial for interpreting how past human populations interacted with their changing environments and for understanding the preservation and distribution of artifacts and cultural features.

1. Introduction to Geoarchaeology
   1. Defining Geoarchaeology
      1. Scope and Boundaries
      2. Integration of Earth Sciences and Archaeology
      3. Key Terminology and Concepts
   2. Historical Development
      1. Early Pioneers and Approaches
      2. Major Milestones in the Field
      3. Paradigm Shifts and Theoretical Advances
      4. Contemporary Trends and Innovations
   3. Interdisciplinary Relationships
      1. Archaeological Theory and Practice
      2. Geological Sciences
         1. Stratigraphy
         2. Sedimentology
         3. Petrology
         4. Mineralogy
      3. Geomorphology
         1. Landform Analysis
         2. Surface Process Studies
      4. Soil Science
         1. Pedology
         2. Soil Chemistry
         3. Soil Physics
      5. Quaternary Science
         1. Paleoclimatology
         2. Paleoecology
         3. Environmental Reconstruction
   4. Core Principles and Objectives
      1. Understanding Site Context
         1. Spatial Relationships
         2. Temporal Frameworks
      2. Reconstructing Past Environments
      3. Identifying Formation Processes
      4. Distinguishing Natural and Cultural Processes