Geoarchaeology

7.

Paleoenvironmental Reconstruction

7.1.

Proxy Indicators

7.1.1.

Sedimentological Proxies

7.1.1.1.

Grain Size Variations

7.1.1.2.

Sedimentary Structures

7.1.1.3.

Depositional Facies

7.1.2.

Geochemical Proxies

7.1.2.1.

Elemental Ratios

7.1.2.2.

Isotopic Signatures

7.1.2.3.

Organic Matter Characteristics

7.1.3.

Biological Proxies

7.1.3.1.

Pollen Analysis

7.1.3.1.1.

Extraction Methods

7.1.3.1.2.

Identification Techniques

7.1.3.1.3.

Quantitative Analysis

7.1.3.1.4.

Vegetation Reconstruction

7.1.3.2.

Phytolith Analysis

7.1.3.2.1.

Extraction Procedures

7.1.3.2.2.

Morphological Classification

7.1.3.2.3.

Taxonomic Identification

7.1.3.2.4.

Environmental Interpretation

7.1.3.3.

Diatom Analysis

7.1.3.3.1.

Sample Processing

7.1.3.3.2.

Species Identification

7.1.3.3.3.

Ecological Interpretation

7.1.3.4.

Other Microfossils

7.1.3.4.1.

7.1.3.4.2.

7.1.3.4.3.

7.1.3.5.

Macrofossil Analysis

7.1.3.5.1.

7.1.3.5.2.

7.1.3.5.3.

Preservation Factors

7.2.

Climate Reconstruction

7.2.1.

Temperature Proxies

7.2.1.1.

Isotopic Thermometry

7.2.1.2.

Biological Indicators

7.2.1.3.

Geochemical Indicators

7.2.2.

Precipitation Proxies

7.2.2.1.

Sedimentological Evidence

7.2.2.2.

Geochemical Evidence

7.2.2.3.

Biological Evidence

7.2.3.

Seasonality Indicators

7.2.3.1.

Growth Increments

7.2.3.2.

Isotopic Variations

7.2.3.3.

Sedimentary Cycles

7.3.

Landscape Evolution

7.3.1.

Topographic Reconstruction

7.3.1.1.

Digital Elevation Modeling

7.3.1.2.

Paleosurface Mapping

7.3.1.3.

Erosion and Deposition Patterns

7.3.2.

Hydrological Changes

7.3.2.1.

River System Evolution

7.3.2.2.

Lake Level Fluctuations

7.3.2.3.

Groundwater Changes

7.3.3.

Vegetation Dynamics

7.3.3.1.

7.3.3.2.

Grassland Development

7.3.3.3.

Human Impact on Vegetation

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8. Archaeological Applications