Fibers

5.

Fiber Production and Processing

5.1.

Natural Fiber Processing

5.1.1.

Harvesting and Collection

5.1.1.1.

Timing Considerations

5.1.1.2.

Harvesting Methods

5.1.1.3.

Quality Factors

5.1.2.

Extraction and Separation

5.1.2.1.

Ginning for Seed Fibers

5.1.2.2.

Retting for Bast Fibers

5.1.2.3.

Scutching Processes

5.1.2.4.

Woody Matter Removal

5.1.3.

Cleaning and Preparation

5.1.3.1.

Impurity Removal

5.1.3.2.

Carding Processes

5.1.3.3.

Fiber Alignment

5.1.4.

Further Processing

5.1.4.1.

Combing Operations

5.1.4.2.

Drawing Processes

5.1.4.3.

Parallelization

5.1.4.4.

Short Fiber Removal

5.1.5.

5.1.5.1.

5.1.5.2.

Open-End Spinning

5.1.5.3.

Alternative Spinning Methods

5.2.

Synthetic Fiber Manufacturing

5.2.1.

Polymer Preparation

5.2.1.1.

Polymerization Reactions

5.2.1.1.1.

Addition Polymerization

5.2.1.1.2.

Condensation Polymerization

5.2.1.2.

Purification Processes

5.2.1.3.

Preparation for Spinning

5.2.2.

Fiber Spinning Processes

5.2.2.1.

5.2.2.1.1.

Suitable Polymers

5.2.2.1.2.

5.2.2.1.3.

Equipment Requirements

5.2.2.2.

5.2.2.2.1.

Coagulation Bath

5.2.2.2.2.

Fiber Formation Mechanism

5.2.2.2.3.

Process Control

5.2.2.3.

5.2.2.3.1.

Solvent Evaporation

5.2.2.3.2.

Process Parameters

5.2.2.4.

5.2.2.4.1.

5.2.2.4.2.

High Orientation Achievement

5.2.2.4.3.

High-Performance Applications

5.2.2.5.

Electrospinning

5.2.2.5.1.

Process Principles

5.2.2.5.2.

Equipment Setup

5.2.2.5.3.

Nanofiber Applications

5.2.3.

Post-Spinning Treatments

5.2.3.1.

Drawing and Stretching

5.2.3.1.1.

Molecular Alignment

5.2.3.1.2.

Orientation Development

5.2.3.1.3.

Property Enhancement

5.2.3.2.

5.2.3.2.1.

Thermal Treatment

5.2.3.2.2.

Crystallization Control

5.2.3.2.3.

Dimensional Stability

5.2.3.3.

Texturizing Processes

5.2.3.3.1.

Crimping Methods

5.2.3.3.2.

Bulking Techniques

5.2.3.3.3.

Air-Jet Texturizing

5.2.3.3.4.

False-Twist Texturizing

5.2.3.4.

Finish Application

5.2.3.4.1.

Lubricant Application

5.2.3.4.2.

Antistatic Treatments

5.2.3.4.3.

Functional Finishes

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4. Properties of Fibers

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6. Fiber Characterization and Testing