Environmental Economics and Policy

6.

Applications to Environmental Problems

6.1.

Climate Change Economics

6.1.1.

Science-Economics Interface

6.1.1.1.

Greenhouse Gas Emissions

6.1.1.2.

Climate Sensitivity

6.1.1.3.

Damage Functions

6.1.2.

Integrated Assessment Models

6.1.2.1.

Structure and Components

6.1.2.2.

Key Models and Results

6.1.2.3.

Limitations and Criticisms

6.1.3.

Social Cost of Carbon

6.1.3.1.

Estimation Methods

6.1.3.2.

Discount Rate Issues

6.1.3.3.

Uncertainty and Risk

6.1.4.

Mitigation Policies

6.1.4.1.

Carbon Pricing Mechanisms

6.1.4.1.1.

6.1.4.1.2.

Emissions Trading Systems

6.1.4.1.3.

Hybrid Approaches

6.1.4.2.

Technology Policies

6.1.4.2.1.

6.1.4.2.2.

Deployment Incentives

6.1.4.2.3.

Technology Standards

6.1.4.3.

Sectoral Policies

6.1.5.

Adaptation Economics

6.1.5.1.

Adaptation vs. Mitigation

6.1.5.2.

Adaptation Costs and Benefits

6.1.5.3.

Autonomous vs. Planned Adaptation

6.1.5.4.

Adaptation Finance

6.1.6.

International Climate Policy

6.1.6.1.

Global Public Good Nature

6.1.6.2.

International Agreements

6.1.6.3.

Technology Transfer

6.1.6.4.

Climate Finance

6.2.

Air Quality Management

6.2.1.

Air Pollution Economics

6.2.1.1.

Sources and Types of Pollutants

6.2.1.2.

Health and Environmental Damages

6.2.1.3.

Benefit-Cost Relationships

6.2.2.

Local Air Quality

6.2.2.1.

Urban Air Pollution

6.2.2.2.

Transportation Policies

6.2.2.3.

Industrial Source Control

6.2.3.

Regional Air Pollution

6.2.3.1.

6.2.3.2.

Ground-Level Ozone

6.2.3.3.

Interstate Transport

6.2.4.

Policy Instruments

6.2.4.1.

Emission Standards

6.2.4.2.

Market-Based Approaches

6.2.4.3.

Technology Requirements

6.2.5.

International Dimensions

6.2.5.1.

Transboundary Pollution

6.2.5.2.

International Agreements

6.3.

Water Resources Economics

6.3.1.

Water as an Economic Good

6.3.1.1.

Scarcity and Value

6.3.1.2.

Multiple Uses and Users

6.3.1.3.

Externalities and Public Goods

6.3.2.

Water Quality Management

6.3.2.1.

Point Source Pollution

6.3.2.2.

Non-Point Source Pollution

6.3.2.3.

Water Quality Standards

6.3.2.4.

Trading Programs

6.3.3.

Water Quantity Management

6.3.3.1.

Water Rights Systems

6.3.3.2.

6.3.3.3.

Pricing Mechanisms

6.3.3.4.

Demand Management

6.3.4.

Integrated Water Management

6.3.4.1.

Watershed Approaches

6.3.4.2.

Ecosystem Services

6.3.4.3.

Stakeholder Participation

6.4.

Waste Management Economics

6.4.1.

Waste Generation and Composition

6.4.2.

Waste Management Hierarchy

6.4.2.1.

6.4.2.2.

6.4.2.3.

6.4.2.4.

6.4.2.5.

6.4.3.

Economic Instruments

6.4.3.1.

Unit Pricing Systems

6.4.3.2.

Deposit-Refund Systems

6.4.3.3.

Extended Producer Responsibility

6.4.3.4.

6.4.4.

Recycling Economics

6.4.4.1.

Market Failures in Recycling

6.4.4.2.

Policy Interventions

6.4.4.3.

Material Flow Analysis

6.5.

Biodiversity and Ecosystem Conservation

6.5.1.

Economics of Biodiversity Loss

6.5.1.1.

Causes of Biodiversity Loss

6.5.1.2.

Economic Valuation Challenges

6.5.1.3.

Irreversibility and Option Values

6.5.2.

Conservation Policies

6.5.2.1.

Protected Areas

6.5.2.2.

Payment for Ecosystem Services

6.5.2.3.

Conservation Banking

6.5.2.4.

Biodiversity Offsets

6.5.3.

Land Use Economics

6.5.3.1.

Land Use Change Drivers

6.5.3.2.

Spatial Economics

6.5.3.3.

6.5.3.4.

Agricultural Land Conversion

6.5.4.

Forest Economics

6.5.4.1.

Multiple Forest Values

6.5.4.2.

Deforestation Economics

6.5.4.3.

REDD+ Mechanisms

6.5.4.4.

Sustainable Forest Management

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7. International Environmental Economics