Environmental Economics and Policy

  1. Environmental Policy Instruments
    1. Policy Evaluation Criteria
      1. Static Efficiency
        1. Dynamic Efficiency
          1. Cost-Effectiveness
            1. Administrative Costs
              1. Distributional Effects
                1. Political Feasibility
                  1. Environmental Effectiveness
                  2. Command-and-Control Regulations
                    1. Technology Standards
                      1. Best Available Technology
                        1. Best Practicable Technology
                          1. Technology Forcing Standards
                          2. Performance Standards
                            1. Emission Standards
                              1. Ambient Standards
                                1. Product Standards
                                2. Quantity Controls
                                  1. Quotas and Caps
                                    1. Bans and Prohibitions
                                      1. Zoning and Land Use Controls
                                      2. Advantages and Disadvantages
                                        1. Certainty of Environmental Outcomes
                                          1. Lack of Cost-Effectiveness
                                            1. Innovation Disincentives
                                              1. Administrative Burden
                                            2. Market-Based Instruments
                                              1. Environmental Taxes
                                                1. Pigouvian Taxes
                                                  1. Theoretical Foundation
                                                    1. Optimal Tax Rate Setting
                                                      1. Implementation Challenges
                                                      2. Tax Base Options
                                                        1. Emission Taxes
                                                          1. Input Taxes
                                                            1. Output Taxes
                                                              1. Product Taxes
                                                              2. Revenue Use Options
                                                                1. Revenue Recycling
                                                                  1. Double Dividend Hypothesis
                                                                    1. Distributional Considerations
                                                                  2. Tradable Permit Systems
                                                                    1. Design Elements
                                                                      1. Cap Setting
                                                                        1. Permit Allocation Methods
                                                                          1. Banking and Borrowing
                                                                            1. Price Management Mechanisms
                                                                            2. Types of Trading Systems
                                                                              1. Cap-and-Trade
                                                                                1. Baseline-and-Credit
                                                                                  1. Hybrid Systems
                                                                                  2. Market Structure and Performance
                                                                                    1. Market Power Issues
                                                                                      1. Transaction Costs
                                                                                        1. Price Volatility
                                                                                      2. Subsidies and Incentives
                                                                                        1. Abatement Subsidies
                                                                                          1. Technology Subsidies
                                                                                            1. Tax Credits and Deductions
                                                                                              1. Loan Guarantees
                                                                                                1. Problems with Subsidies
                                                                                                2. Deposit-Refund Systems
                                                                                                  1. Design Principles
                                                                                                    1. Effectiveness Factors
                                                                                                    2. Liability and Compensation Systems
                                                                                                      1. Strict Liability
                                                                                                        1. Negligence Rules
                                                                                                          1. Insurance Requirements
                                                                                                            1. Compensation Funds
                                                                                                          2. Information-Based Instruments
                                                                                                            1. Mandatory Disclosure
                                                                                                              1. Pollution Release Inventories
                                                                                                                1. Environmental Impact Assessment
                                                                                                                  1. Corporate Environmental Reporting
                                                                                                                  2. Voluntary Information Programs
                                                                                                                    1. Eco-Labeling
                                                                                                                      1. Environmental Management Systems
                                                                                                                        1. Green Certification Schemes
                                                                                                                        2. Public Participation Mechanisms
                                                                                                                        3. Voluntary Approaches
                                                                                                                          1. Negotiated Agreements
                                                                                                                            1. Industry Self-Regulation
                                                                                                                              1. Public-Private Partnerships
                                                                                                                                1. Voluntary Environmental Programs

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                                                                                                                              3. Environmental Valuation

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                                                                                                                              5. Policy Analysis Methods