Enhanced Oil Recovery

  1. Chemical Enhanced Oil Recovery
    1. Chemical EOR Fundamentals
      1. Mobility Control Principles
        1. Viscosity Modification
          1. Permeability Reduction
            1. Flow Diversion
            2. Interfacial Tension Reduction
              1. Capillary Number Concepts
                1. Oil Mobilization Mechanisms
                  1. Critical Micelle Concentration
                  2. Wettability Alteration
                    1. Contact Angle Changes
                      1. Imbibition Enhancement
                        1. Oil Film Drainage
                        2. Chemical Transport Mechanisms
                          1. Advection and Dispersion
                            1. Adsorption and Retention
                              1. Chemical Degradation
                            2. Polymer Flooding
                              1. Polymer Types and Properties
                                1. Hydrolyzed Polyacrylamide
                                  1. Xanthan Gum
                                    1. Synthetic Polymers
                                      1. Biopolymers
                                      2. Polymer Solution Behavior
                                        1. Viscosity-Concentration Relationships
                                          1. Shear Rate Effects
                                            1. Temperature Stability
                                              1. Salinity Effects
                                              2. Polymer Injection Design
                                                1. Concentration Selection
                                                  1. Slug Size Determination
                                                    1. Injection Rate Optimization
                                                    2. Polymer Degradation Issues
                                                      1. Mechanical Degradation
                                                        1. Chemical Degradation
                                                          1. Thermal Degradation
                                                            1. Biological Degradation
                                                            2. Polymer Retention Mechanisms
                                                              1. Adsorption on Rock Surfaces
                                                                1. Mechanical Entrapment
                                                                  1. Hydrodynamic Retention
                                                                2. Surfactant Flooding
                                                                  1. Surfactant Types and Selection
                                                                    1. Anionic Surfactants
                                                                      1. Cationic Surfactants
                                                                        1. Nonionic Surfactants
                                                                          1. Amphoteric Surfactants
                                                                          2. Microemulsion Phase Behavior
                                                                            1. Winsor Type Classifications
                                                                              1. Optimal Salinity Concept
                                                                                1. Phase Behavior Testing
                                                                                  1. Formulation Optimization
                                                                                  2. Surfactant Adsorption
                                                                                    1. Adsorption Isotherms
                                                                                      1. Rock-Surfactant Interactions
                                                                                        1. Adsorption Reduction Strategies
                                                                                        2. Surfactant-Polymer Interactions
                                                                                          1. Synergistic Effects
                                                                                            1. Compatibility Issues
                                                                                              1. Sequential Injection
                                                                                            2. Alkaline Flooding
                                                                                              1. Alkaline Mechanisms
                                                                                                1. In-Situ Soap Generation
                                                                                                  1. Saponification Reactions
                                                                                                    1. Wettability Alteration
                                                                                                    2. Alkali Types
                                                                                                      1. Sodium Hydroxide
                                                                                                        1. Sodium Carbonate
                                                                                                          1. Sodium Silicate
                                                                                                          2. Alkaline-Rock Interactions
                                                                                                            1. Mineral Dissolution
                                                                                                              1. Precipitation Reactions
                                                                                                                1. Formation Damage Risks
                                                                                                              2. Alkaline-Surfactant-Polymer Flooding
                                                                                                                1. ASP Synergistic Effects
                                                                                                                  1. Enhanced IFT Reduction
                                                                                                                    1. Improved Mobility Control
                                                                                                                      1. Wettability Modification
                                                                                                                      2. ASP Formulation Design
                                                                                                                        1. Component Optimization
                                                                                                                          1. Phase Behavior Studies
                                                                                                                            1. Stability Testing
                                                                                                                            2. ASP Implementation Challenges
                                                                                                                              1. Chemical Interactions
                                                                                                                                1. Scale Formation
                                                                                                                                  1. Emulsion Problems
                                                                                                                                2. Chemical EOR Design Considerations
                                                                                                                                  1. Reservoir Screening Criteria
                                                                                                                                    1. Temperature Limitations
                                                                                                                                      1. Salinity Requirements
                                                                                                                                        1. Clay Content Effects
                                                                                                                                          1. Oil Acidity Considerations
                                                                                                                                          2. Chemical Selection Process
                                                                                                                                            1. Laboratory Screening
                                                                                                                                              1. Compatibility Testing
                                                                                                                                                1. Economic Evaluation
                                                                                                                                                2. Injection System Design
                                                                                                                                                  1. Chemical Preparation
                                                                                                                                                    1. Quality Control
                                                                                                                                                      1. Injection Equipment

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                                                                                                                                                  6. Advanced and Emerging EOR Technologies