Enhanced Oil Recovery

4.

Gas Injection Enhanced Oil Recovery

4.1.

Gas Injection Fundamentals

4.1.1.

Miscibility Concepts

4.1.1.1.

First-Contact Miscibility

4.1.1.2.

Multiple-Contact Miscibility

4.1.1.3.

Dynamic Miscibility Development

4.1.2.

Minimum Miscibility Pressure

4.1.2.1.

Determination Methods

4.1.2.2.

Slim Tube Tests

4.1.2.3.

Rising Bubble Apparatus

4.1.2.4.

Equation of State Modeling

4.1.3.

Phase Behavior in Gas Injection

4.1.3.1.

Ternary Diagrams

4.1.3.2.

Tie-Line Analysis

4.1.3.3.

Critical Point Behavior

4.2.

Carbon Dioxide Flooding

4.2.1.

CO2 Properties and Behavior

4.2.1.1.

Physical Properties of CO2

4.2.1.2.

CO2 Solubility in Oil

4.2.1.3.

Oil Swelling Effects

4.2.1.4.

Viscosity Reduction Mechanisms

4.2.2.

CO2 Miscibility Development

4.2.2.1.

Vaporizing Gas Drive

4.2.2.2.

Condensing Gas Drive

4.2.2.3.

Mixed Mechanism

4.2.3.

CO2 Sources and Supply

4.2.3.1.

Natural CO2 Reservoirs

4.2.3.2.

Industrial CO2 Capture

4.2.3.3.

Transportation Systems

4.2.3.4.

4.2.4.

CO2 Injection Operations

4.2.4.1.

Injection System Design

4.2.4.2.

Corrosion Management

4.2.4.3.

Impurity Effects

4.2.4.4.

Safety Considerations

4.3.

Hydrocarbon Gas Injection

4.3.1.

Enriched Gas Flooding

4.3.1.1.

Gas Composition Design

4.3.1.2.

Enrichment Strategies

4.3.1.3.

Miscibility Achievement

4.3.1.4.

Economic Optimization

4.3.2.

Lean Gas Injection

4.3.2.1.

High-Pressure Injection

4.3.2.2.

Immiscible Displacement

4.3.2.3.

Vaporization Effects

4.3.3.

Natural Gas Injection

4.3.3.1.

Methane Flooding

4.3.3.2.

Associated Gas Utilization

4.4.

Nitrogen and Inert Gas Injection

4.4.1.

Nitrogen Properties

4.4.2.

Miscibility Limitations

4.4.3.

Pressure Maintenance Applications

4.4.4.

Flue Gas Injection

4.4.4.1.

Composition Considerations

4.4.4.2.

Corrosion Issues

4.4.4.3.

Economic Advantages

4.5.

Water-Alternating-Gas Processes

4.5.1.

WAG Process Design

4.5.1.1.

Slug Size Optimization

4.5.1.2.

Injection Sequence

4.5.1.3.

4.5.2.

Mobility Control Benefits

4.5.2.1.

Gas Mobility Reduction

4.5.2.2.

Improved Sweep Efficiency

4.5.2.3.

Gravity Segregation Control

4.5.3.

WAG Operational Challenges

4.5.3.1.

Three-Phase Flow Complexity

4.5.3.2.

Hysteresis Effects

4.5.3.3.

Well Switching Operations

4.6.

Gas Injection Optimization

4.6.1.

Reservoir Screening Criteria

4.6.1.1.

Oil Composition Requirements

4.6.1.2.

Pressure and Temperature Conditions

4.6.1.3.

Reservoir Structure Considerations

4.6.2.

Injection Strategy Design

4.6.2.1.

Pattern Selection

4.6.2.2.

Rate Optimization

4.6.2.3.

Pressure Management

4.6.3.

Performance Monitoring

4.6.3.1.

Gas Breakthrough Detection

4.6.3.2.

Recycling Operations

4.6.3.3.

Production Optimization

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