Energy Transition and Sustainability

  1. Renewable Energy Sources and Technologies
    1. Solar Energy
      1. Photovoltaics (PV)
        1. Cell Technologies
          1. Silicon-Based Cells
            1. Monocrystalline Silicon
              1. Polycrystalline Silicon
                1. Amorphous Silicon
                2. Thin-Film Technologies
                  1. Cadmium Telluride
                    1. Copper Indium Gallium Selenide
                      1. Organic Photovoltaics
                      2. Perovskite Cells
                        1. Material Properties
                          1. Efficiency Potential
                            1. Stability Challenges
                            2. Bifacial Solar Panels
                              1. Concentrated Photovoltaics
                              2. System Components
                                1. Inverters
                                  1. Mounting Systems
                                    1. Monitoring Equipment
                                      1. Safety Systems
                                      2. Utility-Scale vs. Distributed Generation
                                        1. Solar Farms
                                          1. Ground-Mounted Systems
                                            1. Tracking Systems
                                              1. Grid Integration
                                              2. Rooftop Solar Systems
                                                1. Residential Applications
                                                  1. Commercial Applications
                                                    1. Net Metering
                                                    2. Community Solar Projects
                                                      1. Shared Solar Gardens
                                                        1. Virtual Net Metering
                                                          1. Community Ownership Models
                                                      2. Concentrated Solar Power (CSP)
                                                        1. Parabolic Troughs
                                                          1. System Design
                                                            1. Heat Transfer Fluids
                                                              1. Operational Characteristics
                                                              2. Solar Power Towers
                                                                1. Heliostat Fields
                                                                  1. Central Receiver Design
                                                                    1. Molten Salt Systems
                                                                    2. Parabolic Dishes
                                                                      1. Stirling Engine Systems
                                                                        1. Tracking Mechanisms
                                                                        2. Linear Fresnel Reflectors
                                                                          1. Thermal Energy Storage Integration
                                                                            1. Molten Salt Storage
                                                                              1. Phase Change Materials
                                                                                1. Thermocline Systems
                                                                              2. Solar Thermal for Heating and Cooling
                                                                                1. Domestic Hot Water Systems
                                                                                  1. Flat Plate Collectors
                                                                                    1. Evacuated Tube Collectors
                                                                                      1. System Configurations
                                                                                      2. Solar Space Heating and Cooling
                                                                                        1. Active Solar Heating
                                                                                          1. Passive Solar Design
                                                                                            1. Solar Cooling Technologies
                                                                                            2. Industrial Process Heat
                                                                                              1. Low-Temperature Applications
                                                                                                1. Medium-Temperature Applications
                                                                                                  1. High-Temperature Applications
                                                                                              2. Wind Energy
                                                                                                1. Wind Resource Fundamentals
                                                                                                  1. Wind Formation and Patterns
                                                                                                    1. Wind Speed and Power Relationship
                                                                                                      1. Wind Shear and Turbulence
                                                                                                        1. Seasonal and Diurnal Variations
                                                                                                        2. Onshore Wind Turbines
                                                                                                          1. Turbine Design and Components
                                                                                                            1. Rotor Blades
                                                                                                              1. Nacelle Components
                                                                                                                1. Tower Design
                                                                                                                  1. Foundation Systems
                                                                                                                  2. Turbine Sizes and Ratings
                                                                                                                    1. Small Wind Turbines
                                                                                                                      1. Utility-Scale Turbines
                                                                                                                        1. Power Curves
                                                                                                                        2. Siting and Land Use
                                                                                                                          1. Wind Resource Assessment
                                                                                                                            1. Environmental Considerations
                                                                                                                              1. Land Use Compatibility
                                                                                                                                1. Setback Requirements
                                                                                                                              2. Offshore Wind Turbines
                                                                                                                                1. Fixed-Bottom Foundations
                                                                                                                                  1. Monopile Foundations
                                                                                                                                    1. Jacket Foundations
                                                                                                                                      1. Gravity-Based Structures
                                                                                                                                      2. Floating Platforms
                                                                                                                                        1. Semi-Submersible Platforms
                                                                                                                                          1. Tension Leg Platforms
                                                                                                                                            1. Spar Buoy Platforms
                                                                                                                                            2. Marine Environmental Considerations
                                                                                                                                              1. Marine Life Impacts
                                                                                                                                                1. Noise and Vibration
                                                                                                                                                  1. Visual Impacts
                                                                                                                                                  2. Installation and Maintenance
                                                                                                                                                    1. Specialized Vessels
                                                                                                                                                      1. Weather Windows
                                                                                                                                                        1. Access Systems
                                                                                                                                                      2. Wind Farm Development
                                                                                                                                                        1. Site Selection and Assessment
                                                                                                                                                          1. Environmental Impact Assessment
                                                                                                                                                            1. Grid Connection Requirements
                                                                                                                                                              1. Community Engagement
                                                                                                                                                              2. Wind Resource Assessment and Siting
                                                                                                                                                                1. Wind Mapping and Measurement
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Meteorological Towers
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Remote Sensing Technologies
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Wind Modeling
                                                                                                                                                                      2. Micrositing Optimization
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Wake Effects and Array Losses
                                                                                                                                                                      3. Hydropower
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Large-Scale Dams and Reservoirs
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Dam Design and Operation
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Dam Types and Construction
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Turbine Technologies
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Power Generation Control
                                                                                                                                                                                2. Reservoir Management
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Water Level Control
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Flood Management
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Sediment Management
                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Multi-Purpose Projects
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Flood Control
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Water Supply
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Recreation
                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Run-of-the-River Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Technology and Applications
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Low-Head Turbines
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Fish-Friendly Designs
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Environmental Flow Requirements
                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Environmental Footprint
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Minimal Reservoir Requirements
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. River Ecosystem Impacts
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Seasonal Flow Variations
                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Pumped-Storage Hydropower
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Principles of Operation
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Upper and Lower Reservoirs
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Reversible Turbine-Generators
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Pumping and Generating Cycles
                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Role in Grid Balancing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Peak Shaving
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Load Following
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Frequency Regulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Renewable Energy Integration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Closed-Loop Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Seawater Pumped Storage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Small-Scale and Micro-Hydropower
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Community-Scale Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Off-Grid Applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Low-Impact Technologies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Ecological and Social Impacts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Fish Migration and Habitat Disruption
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Fish Ladders and Bypasses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Downstream Flow Requirements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Spawning Habitat Protection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Community Displacement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Resettlement Programs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Compensation Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Cultural Heritage Preservation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Downstream Impacts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Flow Regime Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Water Quality Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Sediment Transport
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Geothermal Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Geothermal Resource Types
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Hydrothermal Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Hot Dry Rock Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Geopressured Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Magma Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Power Generation from Geothermal Steam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Dry Steam Plants
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Direct Steam Utilization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Turbine Design
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Condensing Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Flash Steam Plants
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Single Flash Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Double Flash Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Steam Separation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Binary Cycle Plants
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Organic Rankine Cycle
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Heat Exchangers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Working Fluids
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Direct Use for Heating and Cooling
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. District Heating Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Distribution Networks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Heat Exchangers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. System Integration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Geothermal Heat Pumps
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Ground Source Heat Pumps
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. System Design
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Efficiency Considerations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Industrial Applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Process Heating
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Greenhouse Heating
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Aquaculture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Reservoir Stimulation Techniques
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Hydraulic Stimulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Chemical Stimulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Thermal Stimulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Technical and Environmental Challenges
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Induced Seismicity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Water Requirements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Reservoir Sustainability
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Exploration and Development
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Resource Assessment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Drilling Technologies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Well Completion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Production Optimization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Biomass and Bioenergy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Biomass Feedstocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Forest Biomass
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Logging Residues
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Thinnings
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Dedicated Energy Crops
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Agricultural Biomass
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Crop Residues
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Energy Crops
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Animal Wastes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Municipal and Industrial Wastes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Municipal Solid Waste
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Food Waste
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Paper Mill Sludge
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Solid Biomass for Combustion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Wood and Wood Products
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Firewood
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Wood Chips
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Wood Pellets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Agricultural Residues
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Straw
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Corn Stover
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Rice Hulls
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Combustion Technologies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Stoker Boilers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Fluidized Bed Combustion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Gasification Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Biofuels
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. First-Generation Biofuels
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Ethanol Production
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Corn Ethanol
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Sugarcane Ethanol
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Fermentation Process
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Biodiesel Production
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Vegetable Oil Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Transesterification Process
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Fuel Properties
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Second-Generation Biofuels
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Cellulosic Ethanol
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Pretreatment Technologies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Enzymatic Hydrolysis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Fermentation Challenges
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Biomass-to-Liquids
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Fischer-Tropsch Process
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Pyrolysis Technologies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Third-Generation Biofuels
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Algae-Based Fuels
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Cultivation Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Oil Extraction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Processing Technologies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Biogas from Anaerobic Digestion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Feedstocks and Process
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Organic Waste Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Digester Design
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Process Optimization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Biogas Upgrading and Use
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Methane Purification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Grid Injection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Vehicle Fuel Applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Digestate Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Nutrient Recovery
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Soil Amendment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Composting
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Sustainability and Land-Use Concerns
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Food vs. Fuel Debate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Competition for Agricultural Land
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Food Security Implications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Price Impacts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Deforestation and Biodiversity Loss
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Land Use Change
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Habitat Destruction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Carbon Debt
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Sustainable Sourcing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Certification Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Lifecycle Assessment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Best Practices
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Ocean Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Tidal Power
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Tidal Barrages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Dam Construction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Turbine Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Environmental Impacts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Tidal Stream Generators
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Underwater Turbines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Tidal Fences
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Tidal Kites
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Tidal Lagoons
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Artificial Lagoon Construction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Bi-Directional Generation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Environmental Considerations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Wave Energy Conversion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Point Absorbers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Buoy Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Power Take-Off Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Mooring Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Oscillating Water Columns
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Shore-Based Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Offshore Platforms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Air Turbines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Attenuators
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Multi-Body Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Flexible Joints
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Wave Following
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Overtopping Devices
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Reservoir Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Wave Focusing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Turbine Integration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Closed-Cycle Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Open-Cycle Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Hybrid Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Deep Water Cooling Applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Salinity Gradient Power
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Pressure Retarded Osmosis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Reverse Electrodialysis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Blue Energy Potential

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Previous

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Conventional and Transitional Energy Systems

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Go to top

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Next

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        4. Enabling Technologies and Infrastructure