Energy Transition and Sustainability

  1. Conventional and Transitional Energy Systems
    1. Fossil Fuels
      1. Coal
        1. Extraction and Processing
          1. Mining Methods
            1. Surface Mining
              1. Underground Mining
                1. Mountaintop Removal
                2. Coal Preparation and Cleaning
                  1. Washing and Sorting
                    1. Impurity Removal
                      1. Quality Enhancement
                    2. Combustion and Power Generation
                      1. Pulverized Coal Plants
                        1. Boiler Design
                          1. Steam Turbines
                            1. Efficiency Considerations
                            2. Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC)
                              1. Gasification Process
                                1. Combined Cycle Operation
                                  1. Emissions Control
                                  2. Fluidized Bed Combustion
                                  3. Environmental and Health Impacts
                                    1. Air Pollutants
                                      1. Sulfur Oxides
                                        1. Nitrogen Oxides
                                          1. Particulate Matter
                                            1. Mercury Emissions
                                            2. Coal Ash and Waste Management
                                              1. Ash Disposal Methods
                                                1. Groundwater Contamination
                                                  1. Beneficial Use Applications
                                                  2. Occupational Hazards
                                                    1. Black Lung Disease
                                                      1. Mining Accidents
                                                        1. Safety Regulations
                                                    2. Petroleum (Crude Oil)
                                                      1. Exploration and Drilling
                                                        1. Conventional vs. Unconventional Resources
                                                          1. Conventional Oil Fields
                                                            1. Tight Oil
                                                              1. Oil Sands
                                                                1. Heavy Oil
                                                                2. Offshore and Onshore Drilling
                                                                  1. Drilling Technologies
                                                                    1. Environmental Considerations
                                                                      1. Safety Measures
                                                                    2. Refining and Products
                                                                      1. Distillation and Cracking
                                                                        1. Fractional Distillation
                                                                          1. Catalytic Cracking
                                                                            1. Hydrocracking
                                                                            2. Fuels
                                                                              1. Gasoline
                                                                                1. Diesel
                                                                                  1. Jet Fuel
                                                                                    1. Heating Oil
                                                                                    2. Petrochemicals
                                                                                      1. Plastics
                                                                                        1. Synthetic Materials
                                                                                          1. Chemical Feedstocks
                                                                                        2. Global Oil Markets
                                                                                          1. OPEC and Market Dynamics
                                                                                            1. Production Quotas
                                                                                              1. Market Influence
                                                                                                1. Price Setting
                                                                                                2. Price Formation and Volatility
                                                                                                  1. Supply and Demand Factors
                                                                                                    1. Geopolitical Events
                                                                                                      1. Financial Markets
                                                                                                  2. Natural Gas
                                                                                                    1. Conventional and Unconventional Sources
                                                                                                      1. Conventional Gas Fields
                                                                                                        1. Shale Gas and Hydraulic Fracturing
                                                                                                          1. Fracking Technology
                                                                                                            1. Environmental Concerns
                                                                                                              1. Water Usage
                                                                                                              2. Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)
                                                                                                                1. Liquefaction Process
                                                                                                                  1. Transportation
                                                                                                                    1. Regasification
                                                                                                                  2. Role as a "Bridge Fuel"
                                                                                                                    1. Lower Carbon Intensity
                                                                                                                      1. Combustion Characteristics
                                                                                                                        1. Emissions Comparison
                                                                                                                        2. Transition to Renewables
                                                                                                                          1. Grid Flexibility
                                                                                                                            1. Backup Power
                                                                                                                              1. Peaking Plants
                                                                                                                            2. Methane Emissions and Climate Impact
                                                                                                                              1. Fugitive Emissions
                                                                                                                                1. Production Leaks
                                                                                                                                  1. Transportation Losses
                                                                                                                                    1. Distribution System Leaks
                                                                                                                                    2. Mitigation Strategies
                                                                                                                                      1. Leak Detection and Repair
                                                                                                                                        1. Equipment Upgrades
                                                                                                                                          1. Regulatory Measures
                                                                                                                                    3. Nuclear Power
                                                                                                                                      1. Principles of Nuclear Fission
                                                                                                                                        1. Nuclear Reactions and Chain Reactions
                                                                                                                                          1. Uranium-235 Fission
                                                                                                                                            1. Neutron Moderation
                                                                                                                                              1. Critical Mass
                                                                                                                                              2. Energy Release and Control
                                                                                                                                                1. Energy per Fission
                                                                                                                                                  1. Control Rod Systems
                                                                                                                                                    1. Reactor Physics
                                                                                                                                                  2. Reactor Types and Generations
                                                                                                                                                    1. Generation I Reactors
                                                                                                                                                      1. Early Reactor Designs
                                                                                                                                                        1. Prototype Systems
                                                                                                                                                        2. Generation II Reactors
                                                                                                                                                          1. Light Water Reactors
                                                                                                                                                            1. Heavy Water Reactors
                                                                                                                                                              1. Gas-Cooled Reactors
                                                                                                                                                              2. Generation III Reactors
                                                                                                                                                                1. Advanced Safety Features
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Improved Economics
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Standardized Designs
                                                                                                                                                                    2. Generation IV Reactors
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Advanced Reactor Concepts
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Enhanced Safety
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Sustainability Features
                                                                                                                                                                          2. Pressurized Water Reactors (PWR)
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Design Characteristics
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Safety Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Operational Features
                                                                                                                                                                                2. Boiling Water Reactors (BWR)
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Design Differences
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Steam Generation
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Safety Considerations
                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Small Modular Reactors (SMR)
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Design Advantages
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Deployment Scenarios
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Economic Considerations
                                                                                                                                                                                          2. The Nuclear Fuel Cycle
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Uranium Mining and Enrichment
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Mining Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Uranium Conversion
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Enrichment Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Fuel Fabrication
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Fuel Pellet Production
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Fuel Assembly Manufacturing
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Quality Control
                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Spent Fuel Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Interim Storage
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Reprocessing Options
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Final Disposal
                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Safety, Waste Management, and Proliferation Concerns
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Reactor Safety Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Defense in Depth
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Passive Safety Features
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Emergency Response
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Radioactive Waste Disposal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. High-Level Waste
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Intermediate-Level Waste
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Low-Level Waste
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Geological Repositories
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Non-Proliferation Treaties
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Safeguards Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Export Controls
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. The Future of Nuclear: Fusion and Advanced Reactors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Fusion Research and Challenges
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Fusion Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Confinement Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. ITER Project
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Commercial Prospects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Advanced Reactor Designs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Fast Reactors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Molten Salt Reactors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. High-Temperature Gas Reactors

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Previous

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Foundations of Energy Transition and Sustainability

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Go to top

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Next

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          3. Renewable Energy Sources and Technologies