Energy Policy and Economics

  1. Policy Instruments for Energy Markets
    1. Price-Based Policy Instruments
      1. Energy and Carbon Taxation
        1. Carbon Tax Design
          1. Tax Base and Coverage
            1. Tax Rate Setting
              1. Revenue Recycling Options
                1. Border Carbon Adjustments
                2. Fuel Excise Taxes
                  1. Gasoline and Diesel Taxes
                    1. Tax Incidence and Distributional Effects
                      1. Earmarking for Transportation
                      2. Electricity and Gas Taxes
                        1. Residential vs. Industrial Rates
                          1. Tax Exemptions and Reductions
                        2. Subsidy Mechanisms
                          1. Production Subsidies
                            1. Fossil Fuel Production Subsidies
                              1. Renewable Energy Production Incentives
                                1. Nuclear Power Subsidies
                                  1. Subsidy Measurement and Reform
                                  2. Investment Subsidies
                                    1. Investment Tax Credits
                                      1. Accelerated Depreciation
                                        1. Loan Guarantees
                                          1. Grant Programs
                                          2. Consumption Subsidies
                                            1. Fuel Price Subsidies
                                              1. Social Tariffs for Electricity
                                                1. Weatherization Programs
                                                2. Feed-in Tariffs and Premiums
                                                  1. Fixed Price Feed-in Tariffs
                                                    1. Premium Feed-in Tariffs
                                                      1. Contract Duration and Degression
                                                        1. Grid Integration Requirements
                                                    2. Quantity-Based Instruments
                                                      1. Renewable Energy Standards
                                                        1. Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS)
                                                          1. Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs)
                                                            1. Compliance and Penalties
                                                              1. Banking and Borrowing
                                                                1. Alternative Compliance Payments
                                                                2. Renewable Fuel Standards
                                                                  1. Biofuel Blending Mandates
                                                                    1. Advanced Biofuel Requirements
                                                                      1. Renewable Identification Numbers (RINs)
                                                                    2. Emissions Trading Systems
                                                                      1. Cap-and-Trade Design Elements
                                                                        1. Cap Setting and Trajectory
                                                                          1. Allowance Allocation Methods
                                                                            1. Banking and Borrowing Provisions
                                                                              1. Price Management Mechanisms
                                                                              2. Regional and National ETS
                                                                                1. EU Emissions Trading System
                                                                                  1. California Cap-and-Trade
                                                                                    1. Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative
                                                                                    2. Carbon Offset Mechanisms
                                                                                      1. Offset Protocols and Standards
                                                                                        1. Additionality and Permanence
                                                                                          1. Monitoring and Verification
                                                                                        2. Technology and Performance Standards
                                                                                          1. Appliance and Equipment Standards
                                                                                            1. Minimum Energy Performance Standards
                                                                                              1. Labeling and Disclosure Requirements
                                                                                                1. Test Procedures and Compliance
                                                                                                2. Building Energy Codes
                                                                                                  1. New Construction Standards
                                                                                                    1. Existing Building Requirements
                                                                                                      1. Compliance and Enforcement
                                                                                                      2. Vehicle Emissions and Efficiency Standards
                                                                                                        1. Fuel Economy Standards
                                                                                                          1. Zero Emission Vehicle Programs
                                                                                                            1. Heavy-Duty Vehicle Standards
                                                                                                        2. Regulatory and Direct Instruments
                                                                                                          1. Environmental Performance Standards
                                                                                                            1. Emissions Limits and Standards
                                                                                                              1. Air Quality Standards
                                                                                                                1. Water Quality Standards
                                                                                                                  1. Waste Management Requirements
                                                                                                                  2. Technology-Based Standards
                                                                                                                    1. Best Available Technology
                                                                                                                      1. New Source Performance Standards
                                                                                                                        1. Maximum Achievable Control Technology
                                                                                                                      2. Market Structure Regulation
                                                                                                                        1. Utility Regulation and Rate Setting
                                                                                                                          1. Market Power Mitigation
                                                                                                                            1. Grid Access and Interconnection Rules
                                                                                                                              1. Unbundling and Structural Separation
                                                                                                                              2. Public Ownership and Control
                                                                                                                                1. State-Owned Energy Enterprises
                                                                                                                                  1. Objectives and Performance
                                                                                                                                    1. Corporate Governance
                                                                                                                                      1. Privatization and Restructuring
                                                                                                                                      2. Public Power and Municipal Utilities
                                                                                                                                        1. Service Obligations
                                                                                                                                          1. Rate Setting and Cross-Subsidies
                                                                                                                                            1. Democratic Accountability

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                                                                                                                                      5. Economics of Energy Demand

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                                                                                                                                      7. Core Policy Objectives and Challenges