Energy Policy and Economics

  1. Energy Markets and Competition
    1. Market Structure Analysis
      1. Perfect Competition in Energy Markets
        1. Conditions for Perfect Competition
          1. Efficiency Properties
            1. Examples in Energy Sectors
            2. Monopoly and Market Power
              1. Sources of Monopoly Power
                1. Natural Monopoly in Network Industries
                  1. Monopoly Pricing and Welfare Effects
                    1. Regulation of Monopolies
                    2. Oligopoly and Strategic Behavior
                      1. Market Concentration Measures
                        1. Strategic Interactions and Game Theory
                          1. Collusion and Cartels
                            1. Capacity Withholding and Market Manipulation
                            2. Monopolistic Competition
                              1. Product Differentiation in Energy
                                1. Entry and Exit Dynamics
                                  1. Advertising and Brand Competition
                                2. Wholesale Energy Markets
                                  1. Electricity Market Design
                                    1. Market Structure Options
                                      1. Pool vs. Bilateral Markets
                                        1. Centralized vs. Decentralized Dispatch
                                          1. Nodal vs. Zonal Pricing
                                          2. Spot Market Operations
                                            1. Day-Ahead Markets
                                              1. Real-Time Balancing Markets
                                                1. Intraday and Adjustment Markets
                                                2. Forward and Futures Markets
                                                  1. Risk Management Functions
                                                    1. Price Discovery and Hedging
                                                      1. Financial vs. Physical Settlement
                                                      2. Capacity and Adequacy Mechanisms
                                                        1. Capacity Markets
                                                          1. Strategic Reserves
                                                            1. Reliability Options
                                                            2. Ancillary Services Markets
                                                              1. Frequency Regulation
                                                                1. Operating Reserves
                                                                  1. Voltage Support
                                                                2. Natural Gas Market Structure
                                                                  1. Hub-Based Trading
                                                                    1. Pipeline Transportation Services
                                                                      1. Storage and Balancing Services
                                                                        1. LNG and Global Gas Markets
                                                                        2. Oil Markets and Price Formation
                                                                          1. Crude Oil Benchmarks
                                                                            1. Brent and WTI Pricing
                                                                              1. Regional Price Differentials
                                                                                1. Quality Adjustments
                                                                                2. OPEC and Market Influence
                                                                                  1. Production Quotas and Compliance
                                                                                    1. Spare Capacity and Market Power
                                                                                      1. Non-OPEC Producer Responses
                                                                                  2. Retail Energy Markets
                                                                                    1. Regulated Utility Model
                                                                                      1. Rate-of-Return Regulation
                                                                                        1. Revenue Requirements
                                                                                          1. Rate Base and Rate of Return
                                                                                            1. Regulatory Lag and Incentives
                                                                                            2. Performance-Based Regulation
                                                                                              1. Price Cap Regulation
                                                                                                1. Revenue Cap Mechanisms
                                                                                                  1. Quality and Reliability Incentives
                                                                                                2. Competitive Retail Markets
                                                                                                  1. Market Liberalization Models
                                                                                                    1. Retail Competition Implementation
                                                                                                      1. Consumer Choice and Switching
                                                                                                        1. Supplier of Last Resort
                                                                                                        2. Rate Design and Pricing
                                                                                                          1. Cost-of-Service Pricing
                                                                                                            1. Time-of-Use Pricing
                                                                                                              1. Real-Time Pricing
                                                                                                                1. Inclining Block Tariffs
                                                                                                                  1. Demand Charges and Connection Fees

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                                                                                                              3. Economics of Energy Supply

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                                                                                                              5. Economics of Energy Demand