Embryology

  1. Clinical Embryology and Teratology
    1. Congenital Anomalies
      1. Terminology
        1. Malformation
          1. Disruption
            1. Deformation
              1. Dysplasia
              2. Classification of Birth Defects
                1. Causes of Birth Defects
                  1. Genetic Factors
                    1. Chromosomal Abnormalities
                      1. Single Gene Mutations
                      2. Environmental Factors
                        1. Multifactorial Inheritance
                      3. Teratogens
                        1. Principles of Teratology
                          1. Critical Periods
                            1. Dose-Response Relationships
                            2. Infectious Agents
                              1. TORCH Infections
                              2. Physical Agents
                                1. Radiation
                                  1. Hyperthermia
                                  2. Chemical Agents
                                    1. Drugs
                                      1. Alcohol
                                        1. Environmental Chemicals
                                        2. Maternal Disease
                                          1. Diabetes
                                            1. Other Maternal Conditions
                                          2. Prenatal Diagnosis
                                            1. Indications for Prenatal Diagnosis
                                              1. Ultrasonography
                                                1. First Trimester
                                                  1. Second and Third Trimester
                                                  2. Maternal Serum Screening
                                                    1. Alpha-Fetoprotein
                                                      1. Triple Screen
                                                        1. Quadruple Screen
                                                        2. Amniocentesis
                                                          1. Chorionic Villus Sampling
                                                            1. Non-Invasive Prenatal Testing
                                                              1. Fetal Therapy

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                                                            8. Fetal Membranes and Placenta

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                                                            10. Comparative Embryology